Refrigerant - Reibai (English spelling) refrigerant

Japanese: 冷媒 - れいばい(英語表記)refrigerant
Refrigerant - Reibai (English spelling) refrigerant

The thermodynamic process of obtaining low temperatures by repeating the process of compression (high pressure, high temperature) → cooling/liquefaction (heat release to the environment in the high temperature range) → expansion (low pressure, low temperature) → vaporization (heat absorption in the low temperature range) is called the refrigeration cycle, and the medium used in this process is called the refrigerant. In a normal refrigeration cycle, heat is released in the high temperature range by cooling water at room temperature, which is then returned to the atmosphere, and heat is absorbed in the target low temperature range at 10 to -40°C. Examples of this include household refrigerators and air conditioners. To obtain low temperatures below -50°C, methods such as vaporizing the refrigerant under a vacuum (vacuum evaporation method) and combining a first refrigerant that is liquefied at the vaporization temperature range with a second refrigerant that vaporizes at a lower temperature range (dual refrigeration cycle) are used.

It is desirable for the refrigerant to be a substance that is stable in this temperature range, has an operating pressure as close to normal pressure as possible, does not corrode the equipment materials, and is not flammable, explosive, or toxic. In the past, ammonia and carbon dioxide were used, but later fluorocarbons (halogenated methane or ethane containing fluorine) came to be used more often. However, the use of fluorocarbons became problematic as they are substances that destroy the ozone layer.

[Yuji Kawamura]

Fluorocarbon regulations

CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) were widely used as refrigerants, but they were found to be ozone-depleting substances. Therefore, HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) and HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) were used as refrigerants instead of CFCs. However, it was found that although these fluorocarbon substitutes do not destroy the ozone layer, they have a global warming impact several thousand times greater than carbon dioxide. Therefore, the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer required developed countries to completely phase out the production of CFCs by the end of 1995, and HCFCs by 2020. HFCs are also targeted for reduction under the Kyoto Protocol. As a result of these strengthened regulations on fluorocarbons, the development of non-fluorocarbon refrigerant technology is underway, and natural refrigerants using carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons are attracting attention again.

[Editorial Department]

[Reference] | Kyoto Protocol | Fluorocarbons

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

圧縮(高圧・高温)→冷却・液化(高温域での環境への放熱)→膨張(低圧・低温)→気化(低温域での吸熱)の過程を繰り返して、低温を得る熱力学過程を冷凍サイクルといい、その媒体となる物質を冷媒とよぶ。通常の冷凍サイクルでは、高温域での放熱は常温下の冷却水はまた大気へ、目的低温域での吸熱は10~零下40℃で行われる。家庭用の冷蔵庫や冷房装置もその例である。零下50℃以下の低温を得るためには、真空下で冷媒を気化させる方法(真空蒸発法)や、第一の冷媒の気化温度域で液化し、さらに低温域で気化する第二の冷媒と組み合わせる方法(二元冷凍サイクル)などが用いられている。

 冷媒は、この温度域で安定な物質であり、作動圧力はできるだけ常圧に近く、装置材料を腐食させず、引火爆発性や毒性のない物質であることが望ましい。以前にはアンモニアや二酸化炭素などが用いられたが、のちにフロン(フッ素を含むハロゲン化メタンまたはエタン)が多く用いられるようになった。しかし、フロンはオゾン層を破壊する物質であるとして、その使用が問題となった。

[河村祐治]

フロン規制

フロンのCFC(クロロフルオロカーボン)は、冷媒として広く用いられたが、オゾン層を破壊する物質であることが判明した。そのため、CFCのかわりに冷媒に使用されたのが、代替フロンのHCFC(ハイドロクロロフルオロカーボン)とHFC(ハイドロフルオロカーボン)であった。しかし代替フロンは、オゾン層を破壊しないものの、二酸化炭素の数千倍も地球温暖化に影響することがわかった。そこで、オゾン層保護のためのモントリオール議定書によって、先進国では1995年末でCFCの生産を全廃、HCFCは2020年で生産を全廃することになった。また、HFCも京都議定書で削減の対象とされている。このようにフロン規制が強化された結果、冷媒のノンフロン化技術の開発が進められていて、二酸化炭素や炭化水素などを用いた自然冷媒がふたたび注目をされている。

[編集部]

[参照項目] | 京都議定書 | フロン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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