Spirit medium - Reibai (English spelling)

Japanese: 霊媒 - れいばい(英語表記)medium
Spirit medium - Reibai (English spelling)

A person who is said to mediate between the spirits of the dead and people in this world. It came into use in the mid-18th century with modern spiritualism, which arose in Western Europe. Similar words include "psychic" and "sensitive." However, these do not necessarily imply communication with the spirits of the dead, but are used to mean the possession of paranormal abilities. In Japan, the "Yuta" and "Noro" of Okinawa and the "Itako" of the Tohoku region are also said to convey the words of the spirits of the dead, while shrine maidens (miko), shamans (kannagi), and shamans in shamanism are said to convey the will of the gods.

During a séance, a medium is said to enter a special mental state, usually called a mediumistic trance, in which they invite spirits to perform spiritual phenomena. There are those who specialize in mental spiritual phenomena and those who specialize in physical spiritual phenomena. Famous mediums in Western Europe from the late 19th century to the early 20th century include Mrs. L. Piper of the United States and DD Home of the United Kingdom and Eusapia Palladino of Italy as the former and the latter, respectively.

Research using mediums has been conducted since the end of the 19th century, mainly by the British Society for Psychical Research, on the veracity of psychic phenomena and whether or not human personalities survive after death, but no definitive conclusions have been reached. Since the work of American parapsychologist Lyne (1895-1980), research on mediums has become less frequent, but in recent years, research using people with paranormal abilities has begun.

[Muneshige Otani]

[References] | Psychic phenomena | Spiritualism | Parapsychology

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

死者の霊と現世の人との媒介をするとされている人。18世紀中葉、西欧におこった近代心霊主義で用いられるようになった。同様なことばに「サイキック」psychic、「敏感者」sensitiveなどがある。ただし、これらは死者の霊との交流という意味はかならずしも含まず、超常的能力の所有者という意味で用いられる。わが国の沖縄の「ゆた」「のろ」、東北地方の「いたこ」なども死者の霊のことばを伝えるといわれ、巫女(みこ)や巫(かんなぎ)、シャーマニズムでのシャーマンなどは神の意志を伝えるとされている。

 霊媒は交霊会Séanceにおいて、普通、霊媒トランスとよばれる特殊な心的状態に入るといわれ、霊を招いて心霊現象をおこす。霊媒には精神的心霊現象を主とするもの、物理的心霊現象を得意とするものがあり、19世紀末から20世紀初めにかけ西欧において、前者ではアメリカのパイパー夫人Mrs. L. Piper、後者ではイギリスのホームD. D. Home、イタリアのユーサピア・パラディノEusapia Palladinoらが有名である。

 霊媒を用いての研究は、19世紀末から英国心霊研究協会The Society for Psychical Researchを中心に、心霊現象の真偽、人間の死後、個性が存続するか否かの問題について行われたが、確実な結論は得られなかった。アメリカの超心理学者ライン(1895―1980)の研究以来、霊媒を対象とする研究は少なくなったが、近時、超常的能力者を用いての研究が行われるようになってきた。

[大谷宗司]

[参照項目] | 心霊現象 | 心霊主義 | 超心理学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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