Right to work

Japanese: 労働権 - ろうどうけん(英語表記)right to work
Right to work

The right to be given the opportunity to work to workers who have the ability and will to work. Article 27, paragraph 1 of the Constitution of Japan stipulates that "All people shall have the right and the obligation to work," guaranteeing the right to work (labor rights) to the people and also imposing that obligation. There are two ways of thinking about how to interpret the meaning of the right to work. One is that no one can prevent a person from doing the work they want to do, and this way of thinking is advocated in the United States. This also means the prohibition of forced labor, that is, liberation from hard labor. The other is that workers who have the ability and will to work have the right to demand that the state guarantee them the opportunity to work, and if that is not guaranteed, they have the right to receive living expenses. This way of thinking is expressed in Article 163, paragraph 2 of the Weimar Constitution. The former way of thinking is criticized as being wrong to understand the right to work as a mere freedom right. The latter way of thinking is criticized as being unreasonable to think that workers in a capitalist society have a concrete claim to the state for the opportunity to work.

Academic theory agrees that the right to work is not a right that the state guarantees to workers specific claims such as employment and livelihood security. However, it can be said that the state has an obligation to make efforts to solve the unemployment problem and secure employment opportunities, and to take the necessary measures. However, in order to fully guarantee the right to work, it is essential to establish prerequisites such as the elimination of economic depression and the elimination of unemployment. In a capitalist society, it is unreasonable to expect a labor policy that will achieve full employment. However, even in capitalist societies, there is a history of the enactment of various laws to deal with unemployment and ensure livelihood security, such as the British Employment Agency Act of 1911 and the unemployment insurance system as part two of the National Insurance Act. In addition, the International Labor Organization (ILO) adopted the Convention for Ensuring Benefits or Allowances for Involuntarily Unemployed and the Recommendation Concerning Unemployment Insurance and Various Types of Assistance for the Unemployed in 1934.

In Japan, too, various laws have been enacted for employment measures and livelihood security, such as the Employment Security Law (1947) for job placement, the Employment Insurance Law (1974) which provides for livelihood security during the unemployment period, development of workers' working skills, and employment promotion, the Employment Measures Law (1966), and the Law on Stabilization of Employment of Elderly Persons (1986).

[Hiroshi Murashita and Mikio Yoshida]

"Lecture Series on Labor Law in the 21st Century, Volume 2: Labor Market Structure and Rules" edited by the Japan Labor Law Association (Yuhikaku, 2000)

[References] | International Labor Organization | Employment Measures Act | Unemployment insurance | Labor rights

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

労働能力と労働意欲を有する労働者に対して就労する機会が与えられる権利。日本国憲法第27条1項は、「すべて国民は、勤労の権利を有し、義務を負ふ」と定めて、国民に勤労権(労働権)を保障し、あわせてその義務も課している。労働権の意味内容をどのようにとらえるかについては二つの考え方がある。一つは、人間が自ら希望する労働につくことを何人(なんぴと)も妨げることはできないことであるとするもので、この考え方はアメリカで主張されている。これには、あわせて強制労働の禁止すなわち苦役からの解放という意味もある。もう一つは、労働意欲と労働能力を有する労働者は、国家に対して労働する機会の保障を要求し、それが保障されない場合には、生活費の給付を受ける権利を有するという考え方である。この考え方は、ワイマール憲法第163条2項に表れている。前者の考え方に対しては、労働権を単なる自由権として理解するのは誤りであるとの批判がある。後者の考え方に対しては、資本主義社会で労働者が国家に労働する機会に対する具体的な請求権も有すると考えることには無理があるという批判がある。

 学説においては、労働権は、国家が労働者に対して就労および生活保障などの具体的な請求権までをも保障する権利でないという点では一致している。しかし国家には、失業問題の解決や就労機会確保への努力と、それに関する必要な措置をとる義務があるといえよう。ただし、労働権の完全な保障のためには、経済恐慌の除去や失業の解消などの前提条件の整備が不可欠である。資本主義社会においては、完全雇用を実現する労働政策を期待することは無理があろう。しかし資本主義社会においても、たとえば1911年のイギリスの職業紹介法、国民保険法第二部としての失業保険制度にみられるように、失業対策と生活保障のための諸立法が制定された歴史がある。またILO(国際労働機関)は、1934年に、「非任意的失業者に対し、給付または手当を確保する条約」および「失業保険および失業者のための各種の扶助に関する勧告」を採択している。

 日本においても、職業紹介のための職業安定法(1947)、失業中の生活保障、労働者の労働能力の開発、雇用促進などを定めた雇用保険法(1974)、雇用対策法(1966)、高年齢者雇用安定法(1986)などの雇用対策および生活保障のための諸立法が制定されている。

[村下 博・吉田美喜夫]

『日本労働法学会編『講座21世紀の労働法第2巻 労働市場の機構とルール』(2000・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | 国際労働機関 | 雇用対策法 | 失業保険 | 労働基本権

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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