This refers to a disaster in which high pressure from the Pacific Ocean does not extend over Japan much even in summer, resulting in low temperatures and little sunshine, causing summer crops in northern Japan, including rice, to fail to bear fruit. However, in Hokkaido, which is covered by the high pressure from the Sea of Okhotsk, there is sunshine, but the temperature does not rise, and cold damage can occur. Cool weather damage can be roughly divided into three types. Delayed cool weather damage occurs when low temperatures and low light during the vegetative growth period, when the stems and leaves of rice are lush, slows growth and autumn comes before the rice has fully ripened. Disorder cool weather damage occurs when temperatures suddenly drop during the growth period of rice ears, especially during the meiosis period, and grains are not formed due to insufficient fertilization. Parallel cool weather damage occurs when temperatures are low throughout the entire rice growth period and these two types occur simultaneously. The most severe damage is the parallel type, followed by the disorder type and the delayed type. The major cool weather damages in recent years were parallel type damages in 1980 (Showa 55), 1993 (Heisei 5), and 2003. The cool weather damage in 1993 in particular is called the "Great Cool Weather Damage of the Heisei Era," and it caused damage all over the country except Okinawa. The poor rice harvest, mainly in the Tohoku region, led to an emergency import of rice. In addition, the year 2003 was a cool summer across the country, and although the lingering heat helped plants recover in western Japan, cold damage occurred on the Pacific side of the Tohoku region and in Hokkaido. Historically, the most severe cold damage occurred in 1695 (Genroku 8), 1755 (Horeki 5), 1783 (Tenmei 3), and 1838 (Tenpo 9), all of which resulted in major famines that caused the population of the Tohoku region to decrease by one-third. Cold damage occurred frequently even in the Meiji era, and many occurred in the early Showa era. Cold damage like this can occur in clusters at a certain time, and is called a cluster of poor harvests. It is said that volcanic ash from large volcanic eruptions and the stagnation of pollutants in the air can block the sunlight from reaching the earth, causing cold damage. [Takao Ando and Yoh Nomura] "Seki Masaharu, 'Cold Damage - Its Structure and Farmers' Response' (1986, Meibunshobo)" ▽ "Ishikawa Takeo (ed.), 'Verification of the Heisei Rice Poor Harvest' (1994, Ie no Hikari Kyokai)" ▽ "Watanabe Tadayo (ed.), Agricultural Culture Research Promotion Association (ed.), 'Questioning the Modern Farming Situation' (2000, Daimeido)" ▽ "Utsukushi Kenji, 'Yamase and Cold Damage - The History of Rice Cultivation in the Tohoku Region' (2001, Seizando Shoten)" [Reference items] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
夏になっても日本付近に太平洋の高気圧の張り出しが弱く、そのため気温が低く、日照時間も少ないために、北日本のイネをはじめ夏作物が実らない災害をいう。ただ北海道にあっては、オホーツク海高気圧に覆われているため、日照はあるが、気温が上らず、冷害となることがある。 冷害はおよそ三つの型に分けられる。イネの茎葉の繁茂する栄養成長期に、低温寡照(かしょう)で生育が遅れ、十分に実らないうちに秋になってしまうものを遅延型冷害といい、イネの穂の生育期、とくに減数分裂の時期に急に低温になり、受精が不十分なために米が形成されない型を障害型冷害という。またイネの生育期全般にわたって気温が低く、これらの二つの型が同時におこる型を併行型冷害という。被害のもっとも大きいのは、併行型であり、ついで障害型、遅延型の順である。近年の大きな冷害は、1980年(昭和55)、93年(平成5)、2003年が平行型冷害であった。とくに、93年の冷害は「平成の大冷害」ともよばれ、沖縄を除く全国で冷害の被害があり、東北地方を中心とした米の凶作により、米の緊急輸入という事態となった。また、2003年は全国的に冷夏であったが、西日本は残暑で生育が回復したものの、東北地方の太平洋側と北海道では冷害が発生した。 歴史的にみてもっとも大きい冷害は、1695年(元禄8)、1755年(宝暦5)、1783年(天明3)、1838年(天保9)で、いずれも大飢饉(ききん)となり、東北地方の人口はこのために3分の1を減じたという。 明治に入っても冷害が頻発し、昭和の初期にも多くおこった。このように冷害はある時期にまとまっておこることがあり、これを凶作群という。火山の大爆発による火山灰や、汚染物質の空気中への停滞などが、地球上への太陽の日射を阻害し、冷害の誘因となるといわれている。 [安藤隆夫・饒村 曜] 『関正治著『冷害――その構造と農家の対応』(1986・明文書房)』▽『石川武男編『検証 平成コメ凶作』(1994・家の光協会)』▽『渡部忠世監修、農耕文化研究振興会編『現代の農耕状況を問う』(2000・大明堂)』▽『卜蔵建治著『ヤマセと冷害――東北稲作のあゆみ』(2001・成山堂書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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