It refers to the land portion of a nation's territorial jurisdiction (national territory). In common parlance, it can also mean a nation's territory (territorial land, territorial waters, and airspace). Water surfaces surrounded by land, such as lakes and marshes such as Lake Biwa and Lake Kasumigaura, rivers, and bays, are called inland waters, but are included in the concept of territory as distinct from territorial waters. Territory is an essential element of a nation, and the nation's legislative, executive, and judicial powers extend exclusively to that area, provided they do not violate international law. This authority of a nation is called territorial sovereignty or territorial sovereignty. Therefore, people and objects within the territory are regulated by the laws and regulations of the nation, even if they are foreigners or their property (territorial jurisdiction). Territory can increase or decrease through annexation or encroachment, but it can also be transferred through cession, exchange, sale, etc. Examples include the cession of Taiwan, the Penghu Islands, and the Southern Kuril Islands during the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars, the exchange of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin in 1875 (Meiji 8), and the sale of Alaska from Russia to the United States in 1867. Unowned land can be acquired through pre-occupation, as was the case with the territorial incorporation of the Sinnan Islands (Spratly Islands) in 1939 (Showa 14). European countries have incorporated areas already inhabited by indigenous peoples into their territories, such as those in Africa and South America that have not yet formed into modern nation states, on the grounds of pre-occupation, and colonized them. After World War II, such "pre-occupation" was criticized as illegal. Territory is divided by natural features such as oceans, rivers, and watersheds, and its boundaries (borders) are indicated by latitude and longitude lines and boundary stones. However, there are many disputes between nations over the ownership of territory. Japan has territorial disputes with the Russian Federation, South Korea, and China (Taiwan) over the Northern Territories, Takeshima, and Senkaku Islands. In principle, territory is governed solely by the country that owns it, but there are irregular cases where territory is owned or governed by two or more countries, or where a country other than the country that owns it governs (administers) the territory, and where governance is restricted by neighboring countries. Examples of shared territory include the case of Sakhalin Island being shared between Japan and the former Russian Empire from the Provisional Regulations for Sakhalin Island in 1867 (Keio 3) until the Treaty of Exchange for Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in 1875, and the case of the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) being shared between the United Kingdom and France until independence in 1980. Examples of territorial administration by a country other than the one that owned it include Russia (later Japan), Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, who leased Port Arthur, Dalian, Jiaozhou Bay, Guangzhou Bay, Weihaiwei, and the Kowloon Peninsula from China, respectively. The United States administered the Panama Canal Zone, and, under the Treaty of Peace with Japan in 1951, the United States administered Ogasawara (until 1968) and Okinawa (until 1972). In these cases, it was understood that the potential sovereignty over the territories remained with Japan. Examples of territorial encumbrances include positive international easements, which allow other countries to pass through, and negative easements, which promise not to establish forts or military forces. Mandated territories and trust territories can also be considered special forms of territory. [Shigeki Miyazaki] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国家に属する地的管轄範囲(国家領域)のうちの陸地部分をいう。通俗的には、国家領域(領土、領海、領空)を意味することもある。また、陸地に囲まれた水面、つまり、琵琶(びわ)湖、霞(かすみ)ヶ浦などの湖沼や河川、湾などは、内水とよばれるが、領海とは区別して領土の概念に包含する。領土は、国家の不可欠の要素であり、その地域に対しては、国際法に反しない限り、国家の立法、行政、司法の権限が排他的に及ぶ。この国家の権限を領土主権または領域主権とよんでいる。したがって、領土内にある人や物は、外国人やその所有物であっても、その領土国の法令によって規制される(属地的管轄権)。 領土は、添付、侵食などによっても増減するが、割譲、交換、売買などによって移転する。日清(にっしん)、日露戦争による台湾・澎湖(ほうこ)島、南千島の割譲、1875年(明治8)の千島・樺太(からふと)の交換、1867年のアラスカのロシアからアメリカへの売却などはその例である。無主地は先占によって取得でき、1939年(昭和14)の新南群島(南沙(なんさ)群島)の領土編入はその例であったが、ヨーロッパ諸国は、先住民のすでに住んでいる地域でも、近代国家を形成していないアフリカ、南アメリカなどの地域は先占を理由に領土に編入し植民地化した。第二次世界大戦後、このような「先占」は不法として批判された。 領土は、海洋、河川、分水嶺(ぶんすいれい)などの自然的地形により区画されるほか、経緯度線や境界石などによりその境界(国境)が表示される。しかし、領土の帰属をめぐる国家間の紛争も多く、わが国も、北方領土、竹島、尖閣(せんかく)列島をめぐり、ロシア連邦、韓国、中国(台湾)との間に領土紛争問題を抱えている。領土は、その領有国が単独に統治するのが原則であるが、2国以上が領有または統治し、または、領有国以外の国が統治(施政)を行い、さらに、統治について隣接国から制約を受けるなどの変則的場合もある。領土共有の事例としては、1867年(慶応3)の樺太島仮規則以後、1875年の樺太・千島交換条約まで、日本と旧ロシア帝国が樺太島を共有した例、1980年の独立までニュー・ヘブリデス(現バヌアツ)をイギリス、フランスが共有した例などがある。領有国以外の国が施政した例としては、中国から旅順・大連、膠州(こうしゅう)湾、広州湾、威海衛、九竜(きゅうりゅう)半島をそれぞれロシア(のち日本)、ドイツ、フランス、イギリスが租借した例がある。パナマ運河地帯をアメリカが施政し、1951年(昭和26)の対日講和条約により小笠原(おがさわら)(1968年まで)、沖縄(1972年まで)をアメリカが施政した例もある。この場合、同地域の潜在主権は日本に残されたと解されていた。 領土について負担を負った例としては、他国に通過を認める積極的国際地役や、要塞(ようさい)や軍隊の設置をしない旨約束する消極的地役の例がある。委任統治地域や信託統治地域も、特殊な領土の形態だったといえる。 [宮崎繁樹] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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