Rydberg constant

Japanese: リュードベリ定数 - りゅーどべりていすう(英語表記)Rydberg constant
Rydberg constant

A constant used to express the spectral terms in atomic spectra. The Swedish physicist J. R. Rydberg, a pioneer of spectroscopy, empirically derived a formula to express the atomic spectral series around 1890. The wavenumber (the reciprocal of the wavelength) of a spectral line is generally

Here, R is the Rydberg constant, and m and n are called the effective principal quantum number ( m < n ), which can be calculated by subtracting a correction term called quantum defect from the principal quantum number. R is a constant specific to each atomic species, and was initially found when creating an empirical formula, but its relationship with other fundamental physical constants was later clarified using the theory of quantum mechanics. If the mass of an electron is m e , the charge is e , the mass of the atomic nucleus M , the Planck constant h , the speed of light c , and the vacuum dielectric constant ε 0 are used, then using the SI unit system,

μ is called the reduced mass. R varies slightly depending on the mass of the nucleus. For a hydrogen atom (nucleus mass number = 1), R H = 10967758.34 m -1 . This is equal to the ionization energy of hydrogen (about 13.6 eV) expressed in wavenumber units. Incidentally, for the spectrum of a hydrogen atom, the quantum defect is zero, and the wavenumber can be determined only from the combination of the principal quantum numbers. R for M = ∞ is one of the fundamental physical constants, and R is generally often called the Rydberg constant. The value recommended in 2010 by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) of the International Council for Science (ICSU) is as follows:

R = 10973731.568539m -1 .

[Hiroshi Suzuki and Nobuyuki Nakamura, March 19, 2015]

[Reference] | Atomic spectrum | Rydberg

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原子スペクトルにおけるスペクトル項を表すのに用いられる定数。分光学の開拓者であるスウェーデンの物理学者J・R・リュードベリは1890年ごろ、原子スペクトル系列を表す公式を経験的に導いた。スペクトル線の波数(波長の逆数)は一般に

のように表される。ここでRはリュードベリ定数、mnは有効主量子数(mn)とよばれ、主量子数から量子欠損とよばれる補正項を差し引いて求められる。Rは原子種に固有の定数であり、初めは実験式をつくるときにみいだされた値であるが、のちに量子力学の理論を使って、他の基本的物理定数との関係が明らかにされた。電子の質量をme、電荷をeとし、原子核の質量M、プランク定数h、光速度c、真空誘電率ε0を用いれば、SI単位系を使って

と表される。μは換算質量とよばれる。Rは原子核の質量に依存してわずかに変化する。水素原子(原子核の質量数=1)ではRH=10967758.34m-1である。これは、水素のイオン化エネルギー(約13.6eV)を波数単位で表した値に等しい。ちなみに、水素原子のスペクトルに対しては、量子欠損はゼロであり、波数は主量子数の組合せだけから求められる。M=∞に対するRは基本物理定数の一つで、一般にはRをリュードベリ定数とよぶことが多い。国際科学会議(ICSU)の科学技術データ委員会(CODATA)による2010年の推奨値は次の通りである。

R=10973731.568539m-1

[鈴木 洋・中村信行 2015年3月19日]

[参照項目] | 原子スペクトル | リュードベリ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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