Meteor shower - Ryuseigun (English spelling) Meteoric stream

Japanese: 流星群 - りゅうせいぐん(英語表記)meteoric stream
Meteor shower - Ryuseigun (English spelling) Meteoric stream

On a normal clear night, two or three meteors can be seen sporadically every hour, but sometimes at roughly the same time each year, many meteors appear to shoot out from a specific direction on the celestial sphere. This is called a meteor shower, and that direction is called the radiant point. They appear to shoot out radially because the meteoroids each fly toward the Earth in parallel, in the same way that parallel railroad tracks or electric wires appear to gather at one point in the distance.

Each of these meteoroids revolves around the sun on a specific orbit, and because these orbits intersect with the orbit of the Earth, many meteors can be seen every year when the Earth approaches the intersection. Meteor showers are named after the constellations in which their radiants are located, such as the Perseid meteor shower and the Geminid meteor shower. The orbits of many meteor showers are very similar to those of certain comets. This is because it is believed that the meteor shower is created by the fine particles scattered by the comet along its orbit, and some meteor showers, such as the Giacobini meteor shower, are named after their parent comets. Some meteor showers only produce a few meteors per hour, but some large ones can produce more than 100 meteors per hour. In rare cases, thousands of meteors appear every minute, and these are called meteor showers. The most well-known are the Giacobini and Leonid meteor showers, but these only occur around the time of the return of their parent comets, and in other years only a very small number of meteors can be seen. This phenomenon occurs because meteoroids are concentrated only in the orbit close to the parent comet, and most of them only last for a few hours. These are considered to be young meteor showers, whereas older meteor showers have meteoroids scattered evenly across the entire orbit and appear at roughly the same time every year. They also last for a relatively long period of time, some lasting from several days to several weeks.

[Sadao Murayama]

[Reference items] | Comet | Radiant point | Meteor
Perseid meteor shower
A meteor shower that appeared between 10:53 pm on August 12, 2016 and 3:27 am on the 13th. The photo is a composite of the starry sky photographed at 1:10 am on August 13th. Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, Asakuchi City, Okayama Prefecture © National Astronomical Observatory of Japan">

Perseid meteor shower


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

流星は通常の晴夜、1時間で散発的に2、3個は見ることができるが、毎年ほぼ決まった時期に、天球上の決まった方向から多くの流星が飛び出すように現れることがある。これが流星群で、その方向を放射点とよぶ。放射状に飛び出してくるように見えるのは、それらの流星体がそれぞれ平行して地球に飛び込んでくるためで、平行している鉄道線路や電線などが遠方で一点に集まるように見えるのと同様である。

 これらの流星体の群はそれぞれ特定の軌道をもって太陽の周りを公転しており、その軌道が地球の軌道と交差しているため、毎年地球がその交点に差しかかると多くの流星が見られることになる。流星群は、その放射点のある星座の名を冠してペルセウス座流星群、ふたご座流星群などとよばれている。なお、流星群の多くは、その軌道が特定の彗星(すいせい)の軌道とよく似ている。これはその彗星が軌道上に振りまいた微塵(みじん)が流星群をつくると考えられるためで、流星群のなかには、たとえばジャコビニ流星群のように、母彗星の名でよばれるものもある。流星群には、1時間に数個程度の流星しか見られないものもあるが、大きな群では、1時間に100個以上も観測されるものがある。また、まれに毎分数千個もの流星が現れるものがあって、流星雨とよばれる。ジャコビニ流星雨やしし座流星雨などが有名であるが、これらはその母彗星が回帰した前後にだけ現れ、ほかの年にはきわめてわずかの流星しかみられないものが多い。こうした現象は、その軌道上で母彗星に近いところにだけ流星体が密集しているためにおこるもので、出現の期間もわずか数時間にすぎないものが多い。これらは若い流星群と考えられ、反対に古い流星群では流星体が軌道全体に平均して散在し、毎年ほぼ同様に出現する。これらは出現の期間も比較的長く、数日から数週間に及ぶものもある。

[村山定男]

[参照項目] | 彗星 | 放射点 | 流星
ペルセウス座流星群
2016年(平成28)8月12日午後10時53分~13日午前3時27分までに出現した流星群。写真は、8月13日午前1時10分撮影の星空と合成したもの。岡山県浅口市 岡山天体物理観測所©国立天文台">

ペルセウス座流星群


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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