Hours of living

Japanese: 生活時間 - せいかつじかん(英語表記)hours of living
Hours of living

In a broad sense, it is the time spent in a day, divided into working hours, housework, time to satisfy physiological needs, and free time. In a narrow sense, it is the time remaining after subtracting working hours from the total time spent in a day, that is, the time that workers can freely spend free from the constraints of capital.

The invention of machinery creates the material conditions for shortening working hours, but when it is used for the purpose of increasing profits, it turns into a powerful lever for extending working hours indefinitely, and even the worker's life time is transformed into working time. For this reason, under capitalism, the distinction between working hours and life time in the narrow sense becomes clear only when the standard working day is established by factory laws. The establishment of such life time opens up the possibility for workers to develop intellectually, deepen their social interactions, and engage in social and political activities.

In Japan, the National Time Use Survey by NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) has been conducted every five years since 1960 (Showa 35).

[Yoshio Yuasa]

"The Condition of the Working Class in England" by Engels, translated by the Publishing Committee for the Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Vol. III (Otsuki Shoten, National Library)""NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, National Time Use Survey, 1985 (1986, Japan Broadcasting Publishing Association)"

[Reference] | Working hours

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には、1日の生活を時間の面からみたもので、労働時間、家事労働時間、生理的必要充足時間、自由時間に大別される。狭義には、1日のうちから労働時間を差し引いた残りの時間、つまり、労働者が資本の拘束から離れて自由にできる時間をいう。

 機械の発明は、労働時間を短縮する物質的条件をつくりだすが、利潤の拡大を目的にそれが利用された場合は、かえって労働時間を無制限に延長するための強力なてこに転化し、労働者の生活時間さえが労働時間に変えられてしまう。このため、資本主義のもとでは、工場法によって標準労働日が設定されて初めて、労働時間と狭義の生活時間の区別が明確になる。このような生活時間の確立によって、労働者が知的に発達し、また、社会的交際を深めたり、社会的、政治的な活動をする可能性が開かれる。

 なお、日本ではNHK(日本放送協会)による「国民生活時間調査」が1960年(昭和35)以降5年ごとに行われている。

[湯浅良雄]

『エンゲルス著、マルクス=エンゲルス全集刊行委員会訳『イギリスにおける労働者階級の状態』Ⅲ(大月書店・国民文庫)』『NHK放送文化調査研究所編『国民生活時間調査 昭和60年度』(1986・日本放送出版協会)』

[参照項目] | 労働時間

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Life guidance - Seikatsushido

>>:  Life history

Recommend

Links of Forth

...The vast plains in the middle and lower reache...

Saxifragaceae

...The plant Shikotansou, which is cultivated as ...

Ouch - It hurts

...Its English name is rabbit fish because it loo...

Li Gang (Li Kang)

[Birth] Gentoyo 6 (1083) [Died] Shaoxing 10 (1140)...

Tsushima Shrine

Located in Shinmei-cho, Tsushima City, Aichi Pref...

Merchant

Under commercial law, there are two types of merc...

Conquest - Seifuku

The word "conquest" is sometimes used t...

Squish

...When a dome is placed over a cylindrical wall ...

Pursuit - Oiotoshi

〘noun〙① To drive someone away. To drive away enemy...

Iwasaki Yataro

Year of death: February 7, 1885 Year of birth: Tem...

Diphylleia sinensis (English spelling) Diphylleia sinensis

… [Susumu Terabayashi]. … *Some of the terms that...

Kamui Tunnel

...The name of the area originates from the Ainu ...

nobility

… [Western] In Western history, the term aristocr...

Academic freedom

Academic freedom, which aims to pursue the truth,...

Detention centre - Ryuchijo

A facility established at a police station to deta...