Minkowski, Hermann

Japanese: ミンコフスキー(英語表記)Minkowski, Hermann
Minkowski, Hermann
Born June 22, 1864. Alexotas
Died January 22, 1909. Göttingen. German mathematician. His brother Oscar was a famous pathologist. Except for three semesters at the University of Berlin, he studied at the University of Königsberg, where he became friends with D. Hilbert and A. Hurwitz. He obtained his doctorate at Königsberg in 1885, taught in Bonn, and then became a professor at the University of Königsberg (1894-96) and at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (1896-1902). A. Einstein was a student at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and listened to his lectures. In 1902, he became a professor at the University of Göttingen, where he remained until his death. As a student, he won the Grand Prix of the Academie des Sciences in Paris for the problem of expressing an integer as the sum of the squares of five integers (1883). This problem had been studied by many mathematicians since C. Gauss began working on it as a problem of quadratic forms in two variables in the early 19th century. Minkowski generally regarded these as quadratic forms in n variables and studied them in various ways. Minkowski's two most important contributions to this theory are: (1) his study of the property of quadratic forms with rational coefficients becoming equivalent through a linear transformation of the rational coefficients using three invariants. (2) his completion of the theory of making positive quadratic forms with real coefficients irreducible (1905). He studied Diophantine approximations in relation to the theory of quadratic forms, and for this purpose introduced the concepts of lattices and convex bodies. He called the theory that uses these concepts the "geometry of numbers." He also regarded Einstein's special theory of relativity in a four-dimensional space called Minkowski space, giving it a geometric meaning.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1864.6.22. アレクソタス
[没]1909.1.22. ゲッティンゲン
ドイツの数学者。兄オスカルは有名な病理学者。ベルリン大学での3学期間を除き,ケーニヒスベルク大学に学び,ここで D.ヒルベルトや A.フルビッツと親交を結ぶ。 1885年ケーニヒスベルクで学位を取り,ボンで教えたあと,ケーニヒスベルク大学教授 (1894~96) ,チューリヒのスイス連邦工科大学教授 (96~1902) 。スイス連邦工科大学では A.アインシュタインが学生として彼の講義を聞いた。 1902年,ゲッティンゲン大学教授となり,生涯その職にとどまる。学生時代に「1つの整数を5個の整数の平方の和として表わす問題」 (1883) で,パリ科学アカデミーのグランプリを獲得。この問題は 19世紀初めに,C.ガウスが2変数の2次形式の問題として着手して以来,多くの数学者によって研究されていた。ミンコフスキーは,これを一般的に n変数の2次形式としてとらえ,いろいろの形で研究した。この理論に対するミンコフスキーの最も重要な貢献は次の2つである。 (1) 有理係数の2次形式に対し,3個の不変量を用いて,有理係数の1次変換によって同等となる性質の研究。 (2) 実係数の正値2次形式を既約にする理論の完成 (1905) 。彼は2次形式の理論と関連してディオファントス近似を研究し,そのために格子,凸体の概念を導入。これらの概念を用いる理論を彼は「数の幾何学」と呼んだ。またアインシュタインの特殊相対性理論をミンコフスキー空間と呼ばれる四次元空間のなかでとらえ,幾何学的意味を与えた。

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