A late Neolithic agricultural culture that emerged after the Yangshao culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. It is also called the Longshan culture in Chinese. When Li Ji, Liang Siyong and others investigated the Chengziya ruins in Longshan Town, Licheng County, Shandong Province in 1930-31, they discovered a large number of stone tools, shell tools, bone and horn tools, as well as black polished earthenware (black porcelain) in the lower layer of the two cultural layers, which attracted attention as important prehistoric earthenware in the Yellow River basin. The name Longshan culture comes from the name of this ruin. Later, at the Hougang ruins in Anyang County, Henan Province, a stratigraphic relationship was discovered in which the Longshan culture layer was located above the Yangshao culture layer, and a Yin culture layer was located above that, and the chronological position of this culture was determined. Furthermore, in the 1950s, an investigation of the Miaodigou site in Shan County, Henan Province, revealed that the layer just above the lower Yangshao culture layer was transitional in nature from the Yangshao culture to the Longshan culture, confirming that the Longshan culture developed continuously from the Yangshao culture. The Longshan culture is much more widespread than the Yangshao culture, and each region has its own characteristics, showing significant regional differences. Therefore, the Longshan culture is divided into four types: the early Miaodigou Second Period culture, the Henan Longshan culture (Hougang Second Period culture), the Shaanxi Longshan culture (Kexian Zhuang Second Period culture), and the Shandong Longshan culture. It also had a great influence on the surrounding areas, spreading north to the Liaodong Peninsula across the Bohai Sea, and to the northwest, where it gave birth to the Qijia culture. Another example is the Liangzhu culture in the Yangtze River basin. The Longshan culture is characterized by the use of a potter's wheel to produce dense, hard, eggshell-thin black pottery. Black pottery includes tripod vessels such as the ding, leki, ka, gen, and ki, and these vessels represent the basic vessel shapes of Chinese pottery and bronzeware that continued for many years to come. Dwellings were pit dwellings, with lime-coated floors becoming common. Polished stoneware became more sophisticated, and new agricultural tools such as stone or shell sickles, bone hoes, and wooden hoes appeared, leading to remarkable development of the agricultural economy. Furthermore, the custom of divination by burning animal bones began. The appearance of bronze products and the specialization of pottery production, as well as other remarkable technological developments in various fields of production, created the conditions for the breakthrough of old production relations and the birth of a high civilization, eventually becoming the basis for the Xia dynasty. The Longshan culture is therefore the core of the Yellow River civilization, which could be called the mother of the Chinese civilization that continued to flourish. C-14 dating indicates it was between 2500 and 1700 BC. [Yokota Yoshiaki] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中国の黄河中・下流域で仰韶(ぎょうしょう)文化に次いで興った新石器時代晩期の農耕文化。中国読みでロンシャン文化ともいう。1930~31年に李済(りさい)、梁思永(りょうしえい)らによって山東省歴城県竜山鎮の城子崖(じょうしがい)遺跡が調査されたとき、上下二層ある文化層のうちの下層から多数の石器、貝器、骨角器とともに黒色磨研の土器(黒陶(こくとう))が発見され、黄河流域の重要な先史土器として注目された。竜山文化の名はこの遺跡名に由来する。その後、河南省安陽県後岡(こうこう)遺跡において、仰韶文化層の上に竜山文化層、そしてその上に殷(いん)代の文化層の層序関係が発見され、この文化の編年的位置が定まった。さらに1950年代に河南省陝(せん)県廟底溝(びょうていこう)遺跡の調査において、下層の仰韶文化層のすぐ上の層が仰韶文化から竜山文化への過渡的性格のものであることから、竜山文化が仰韶文化から連続発展したものであることが確かめられた。 竜山文化の広がりは仰韶文化よりもはるかに広く、しかも各地域ごとに特徴をもって成長して著しい地域差を示している。したがって竜山文化は、早期の廟底溝第二期文化、河南竜山文化(後岡第二期文化)、陝西(せんせい)省竜山文化(客省荘第二期文化)、山東竜山文化の四類型がある。さらにまた、周辺部にも大きな影響を与え、北は渤海(ぼっかい)を隔てて遼東(りょうとう)半島に伝わり、西北にも伝わって斉家(せいか)文化を生み出した。揚子江(ようすこう)流域の良渚(りょうしょ)文化もその例である。竜山文化の特徴は、土器製作にろくろを使って緻密(ちみつ)で堅く卵殻のように薄い黒陶がつくられたことである。黒陶の器形には鼎(かなえ)、鬲(れき)、斝(か)、甗(げん)、(き)などの三足器があり、こののちずっと続く中国の陶器や青銅器の基本的な器形がだいたい出そろっている。住居は竪穴(たてあな)式のものであるが、床面に石灰を塗り固めるものが盛行した。磨製石器は一段と精巧なものとなり、石や貝製の鎌(かま)、骨製の鋤(すき)、木製の鋤(耒(らい))など新しい農具が登場し、農業経済は著しい発展を遂げた。さらに動物の骨を焼いて吉凶を占う卜骨(ぼっこつ)の風習が始まった。すでに青銅製品が登場していることや土器製作の専業化など、生産の各分野における著しい技術的な発達は、古い生産関係を打破して高文明の生まれる諸条件を整え、やがて夏(か)王朝を生み出す母体となった。したがって竜山文化は、その後ずっと繁栄してゆく中国文明の母体ともいいうる黄河文明の中核をなしているのである。C‐14による年代は紀元前2500年から前1700年を示している。 [横田禎昭] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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