Eikosaku - Eikosaku

This is one of the tenancy practices that mainly took place in the Edo period. It is also called perpetual tenancy, perpetual wholesale, perpetual tenancy, permanent tenancy, or fixed wholesale. The tenant has the authority equivalent to the landlord's right to dispose of the land, and the tenancy is continued for several decades or generations without any set term. The landlord was not allowed to terminate the tenancy unless the tenant had a special reason such as default on rent payment, and generally the rights could be bought, sold, or transferred. The rent was much lower than that of pawned land tenancy or modern ordinary tenancy, and the entire process of renting the land was left to the tenant, on the condition that the tenant gave it to the landlord as a certain share. The perpetuation of the myoden farming relationship and the establishment of the landlord-farmer relationship when developing new fields are thought to be the reasons for the establishment of this practice. Since the modern era, it has been abolished through the policy of centralizing land ownership, that is, the unilateral recognition of landlord-type land ownership.

[Eiji Otsuka]

"On Perpetual Tenancy by Takeo Ono (1924, Ganshodo Publishing)" ▽ "The Landlord System in the Formative Period of the Meiji Era by Kunio Niwa (1964, Hanawa Shobo)" ▽ "On Scattered Fields and Scattered Rice in the Early Modern Period by Eiji Otsuka (Report 9 of the Furukawa Research Museum, Nagoya University)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

主に江戸時代における小作慣行(かんこう)の一つ。永代小作(えいたいこさく)、永代卸(おろし)、永久小作、永世小作(えいせいこさく)、定卸(じょうおろし)などともいう。小作側が地主の土地処分権にも匹敵するような権限を有して、年季を区切らず数十年あるいは累代にわたり請作(うけさく)を行っている形態。小作側に小作料滞納などの特別な事由が出来(しゅったい)しない限り地主が小作関係を解消することは許されず、一般に権利の売買や譲渡も認められていた。小作料は質地小作や近代の普通小作の場合よりもはるかに低率で、一定の得分としてそれを地主側に渡すことを条件に、小作地賄いの全過程が小作側に任されていた。名田(みょうでん)作関係の永続や新田開発時における地主・作人(さくにん)関係の定立などが当該慣行成立の理由として考えられる。近代以降、土地所持権の一元化政策、すなわち地主的土地所有の一方的認定のなかで廃絶させられていく。

［大塚英二］

『小野武夫著『永小作論』（1924・巌松堂出版）』▽『丹羽邦男著『形成期の明治地主制』（1964・塙書房）』▽『大塚英二著「近世期の散田と散田米について」（『名古屋大学古川総合研究資料館報告　9』）』

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