The area where rainwater (including ice and snow) flows into a river and collects is called a catchment basin or drainage basin. Basins are the subject of study in physical geography, but they are also important fundamentals in human geography, as they are used to divide regions. When a point on the river's course is taken, the basin is the area into which rainwater flows from the upstream to the measurement point. The boundaries of adjacent river basins are indicated by drawing a watershed or drainage basin boundary on a topographical map. These refer to basins in temperate humid regions, but basins in arid regions where the river does not reach the sea and forms inland lakes and ponds are called "inland basins," and basins that flow into the ocean are called "ocean basins." Generally, basins form basins, but gradually decrease in elevation downstream, and basins that cover a wide area are given different names using the names of various places. Since the work of Robert Elmer Horton (1875-1945) in 1945, the study of drainage basins in physical geography has progressed toward topological treatment, and with the development of hydrology, the natural characteristics of drainage basins are gradually being clarified. For example, there are various methods for measuring the area of a drainage basin. A drainage basin is a curved basin-like surface, which can be projected onto a plane and measured on a topographical map using a planimeter, or by counting the number of squares drawn on a topographical map (grid method), or by cutting out a shape that corresponds to the drainage basin on a topographical map, weighing it, and comparing the weight with the area of a cut-out shape used as a reference (gravimetric method). The drainage basin area obtained by these methods indicates the scale of the river, but specific discharge (flow rate relative to drainage basin area), runoff height (runoff volume relative to drainage basin area), runoff ratio (runoff height relative to average precipitation height), etc. can also be calculated and used as basic data for river research. [Yoshio Asaka and Shigemi Takayama] "Sadao Iida, 'Easy Limnology - The Environment of Groundwater, Rivers, and Lakes' (1997, Bunka Shobo Hakubunsha)" "Ryozo Yorimitsu, editor, 'Environmental Protection of River Basins - Forests, Rivers, Oceans, and People' (2001, Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha)" [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
河川に流れ込む雨水(氷雪水も含む)が降り集まる地域をいい、集水域または排水域ともいう。流域は自然地理学の研究主題をなすが、人文地理学においても地域区分の単位をなすほか重要な基礎をなす。川の流下途上の地点をとった場合の流域は、上流からその測定地点までの間で雨水が流れ込む地域とされる。隣り合う川の流域の境界は、地形図上に分水界または流域界を記入することによって示される。こうしたことは温帯湿潤地帯における流域のことであるが、乾燥地域で川の流れが海まで届かないで、内陸の湖沼になっている場合の流域は「内陸流域」、外の海洋に注いでいる場合の流域は「外海流域」とよばれる。一般に流域は盆地地形をなしながら、下流に向かってしだいに高度を下げており、広い地域にわたる流域の場合には、いくつもの地名を冠してそれぞれ別称されている。自然地理学上の流域の研究は、1945年のホートンRobert Elmer Horton(1875―1945)の研究以後、トポロジー的取扱いが進み、水文学(すいもんがく)の発達に伴って流域の自然的特性が解明されつつある。 たとえば、流域の広さを測るには諸法がある。流域は盆地状の曲面をなしているが、それを平面に投影して、求積器(プラニメーター)を使って地形図上を測定したり、また地形図上に方眼をかけてつくられる桝目(ますめ)の数を数えたり(方眼法)、また地形図上で流域に相当する部分の図形を切り抜いてその重さを量り、基準に使う図形の面積を切り取ったものとの重量を比較して求める(重量法)などである。これらによって得られた流域面積は河川の規模を示すことになるが、比流量(流域面積に対する流量)、流出高(流域面積に対する流出量)、流出率(平均降水高に対する流出高)等を算出し、河川研究の基本的資料とする。 [浅香幸雄・髙山茂美] 『飯田貞夫著『やさしい陸水学――地下水・河川・湖沼の環境』(1997・文化書房博文社)』▽『依光良三編著『流域の環境保護――森・川・海と人びと』(2001・日本経済評論社)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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