A regular polyhedron with six square faces. Also called a regular hexahedron. Three square faces meet around each vertex. It can be considered a special case of a rectangular prism. If the length of one side is a , the volume is a 3 and the surface area is 6 a 2. The length of the diagonal is also . A cube has 8 vertices, 12 sides, and 6 faces. In addition to the symmetry of a rectangular prism, a cube is invariant even when rotated 120° and 240° around the diagonal. There are 48 congruent transformations of three-dimensional space that make a cube invariant, including the identity map. Connecting the centers of the faces of a cube gives a regular octahedron, and connecting the centers of the faces of a regular octahedron gives a cube. In this sense, the cube is dual to the regular octahedron (→ principle of duality). Three-dimensional space can be completely filled with congruent cubes, and the cube is the only regular polyhedron that has this property. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
正多面体の一つで,六つの正方形の面からなる立体。正六面体とも呼ばれる。それぞれの頂点のまわりには三つの正方形の面が集まる。直方体の特別な場合とみなせる。一辺の長さを a とすると,体積は a3,表面積は 6a2 である。また,対角線の長さは となる。立方体の頂点の数は 8,辺の数は 12,面の数は 6である。立方体は直方体がもつ対称性に加えて,対角線を軸とする回転角 120°および 240°の回転移動などでも不変である。立方体を不変にするような三次元空間の合同変換は,恒等写像を含めて 48通り存在する。立方体のそれぞれの面の中心を結ぶと正八面体が得られ,また正八面体の面の中心を結ぶと立方体が得られる。この意味で,立方体は正八面体と双対な関係にある(→双対の原理)。合同な立方体によって三次元空間をすきまなく埋めつくすことができるが,立方体はこのような性質をもつ唯一の正多面体である。
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