Torah (English: tôrāh) Hebrew

Japanese: 律法 - りっぽう(英語表記)tôrāh ヘブライ語
Torah (English: tôrāh) Hebrew

"Moses received the Torah at Sinai" (Mishnah Avot 1-1) is an important passage regarding Jewish law, but the traditional Jewish interpretation is that the law referred to here includes not only the five books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, but also the oral law that was later compiled into the Mishnah.

Torah, translated as law, means "teachings, instructions," and in content encompasses all religious laws, moral norms, and social and political ethics. According to Deuteronomy 7:6 and following, the people of Israel are God's holy people, specially chosen from among the nations by God's mercy. Therefore, God will protect those who love God and keep his commands, even to future generations. Therefore, the commands, decrees, and laws must be kept and obeyed. The law exists against the backdrop of this covenant relationship between God and the people, and is the path to becoming a holy people in response to God's holiness.

The moral aspect of the law also reveals two fundamental principles: justice and fairness. It asserts basic rights such as ownership, survival, housing, labor, and human rights, and also requires special consideration for the socially vulnerable, such as widows and orphans without means of livelihood or shelter, foreigners who are often refugees, and the poor. For example, when harvesting a field, leave a small corner and leave the gleanings as they are, leaving it up to the poor and refugees to do as they please. Do not delay the payment of daily wages to day laborers. Lend money to the poor without interest. Do not cause trouble to widows or orphans, etc. At the root of this is a religious idea that goes beyond the norms aimed at simply maintaining social order, as seen in "Love your neighbor as yourself: I am the Lord" (Leviticus 19:18).

Social changes over time required detailed rules and new interpretations for the application of written law, which gave rise to the oral law.

[Koichiro Ishikawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

「モーセはシナイで律法(トーラー)を受けた」(ミシュナ・アボット1―1)はユダヤ教の律法に関する重要な章句であるが、ここでいう律法は「創世記」「出エジプト記」「レビ記」「民数記」「申命記」の五書のほかに、のちにミシュナに集大成された口伝律法をも含むとするのがユダヤ教の伝統的な解釈である。

 律法と訳されるトーラーは「教え、指示」を意味する語で、内容的には宗教的法規、道徳的規範、社会的、政治的倫理のすべてを包括している。「申命記」7章6節以下によれば、イスラエルの民は神の聖なる民であり、神の慈しみによって諸民族のなかからとくに選び出された。それゆえ、神を愛しその命令を守る者を、子々孫々に至るまで神は守護する。したがって命令と定めと掟(おきて)を守って行わねばならない、という。律法は神と民とのこうした契約関係を背景にして存在しており、神の聖性に対応して聖なる民となるための道である。

 また律法の道徳面には正義と公正という二つの基本的原理がうかがえる。所有、生存、居住、労働、人権等の基本的権利が主張されるとともに、生活手段や庇護(ひご)者をもたぬ未亡人および孤児、多くは避難民である他国人、さらには貧困者など、社会的弱者に対する特別な配慮が義務として要請されている。たとえば、畑の刈り入れに際しては隅の一部を残し、落ち穂はそのままに放置して、貧者や避難民の自由に任す。日雇人の日当を遅配させない。貧窮者には無利子で金を貸す。未亡人や孤児を困らせるようなことをしてはならない、など。ここには「あなた自身のようにあなたの隣人を愛しなさい。わたしは主である」(「レビ記」19章18)にみられるように、単に社会の秩序維持を目的とする規範を超えた宗教思想が根底に横たわっている。

 時代による社会の変質は、成文律法の適用に細則と新解釈を必要とした。これらが口伝律法を生み出していくことになった。

[石川耕一郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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