Succeed in life - Risshinshusse

Japanese: 立身出世 - りっしんしゅっせ
Succeed in life - Risshinshusse

The idea of ​​approving the rise in social status due to one's ability, effort, talent, etc. It is rooted in the desires of people living in a hierarchical society, and it manifests itself in various ways depending on the era and society.

Let's look back at the case of Japan. Even during the Edo period, when the social class system of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants was firmly established, words like "establish one's identity" and "succeed in life" were preached to the common people. In short, it meant "going out into the world and establishing one's place" by being frugal and thrifty, suppressing desires, and enduring hardship, in other words, being able to live properly in the world through one's own efforts. It taught the ethics of life in a society with fixed occupational roles, and preached a pattern of behavior for carrying out one's duties well in order to be respected by others.

The Meiji Restoration changed society completely, and people had more opportunities for upward social mobility. And social advancement became associated with upward mobility. Best-selling books of the time, such as Smiles' Saigoku Risshihen (1870-71) and Fukuzawa Yukichi's Gakumon no Susume (Encouragement of Learning) (1872), encouraged people to advance in society (=upward mobility) through their own talent and hard work. At the time, social advancement at the individual level overlapped with social advancement at the national level (=catching up with the great powers), and social advancement was officially justified. Later, as social classes became more and more fixed and stabilized in the late Meiji period, the course of upward social mobility was institutionalized by schools and the bureaucracy, and the idea of ​​social advancement lost its original wildness and became formalized and trivialized.

The egalitarian trend after the Second World War caused the idea of ​​social advancement, which had been trivialized, to fall into a negative image. However, social advancement still exists today as a collective consciousness with an ambivalent tendency between positive and negative norms. In Japan, it is said that what is needed to achieve social advancement is an academic background and the ability to adapt to collectivism.

[Makoto Aso]

"Modern Views on Success, by Atsushi Kadowaki (1977, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)"

[References] | Class | Educational background | Social mobility

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

本人の能力、努力、才覚などによる社会的地位の上昇を是認する観念。それは、階層社会に生きる人間の欲望に根ざしており、時代や社会によってさまざまの現れ方をする。

 日本の場合を振り返ってみよう。士農工商の身分制度が確立していた江戸時代においても、「立身」とか「出世」とかいうことばが庶民に向けて説かれていた。それはひとことで述べれば、質素と倹約を旨とし、欲望を抑え堪忍を重ねて「世に出て身を立てること」すなわち、世の中で自分自身の力できちんと生活していけるようになることを意味していたのであった。それは、固定的な職分社会における生活倫理を教えたもので、それぞれの職分を人々に尊敬されるようにりっぱに遂行するための行動様式を説いたものであった。

 明治維新になると社会は一変し、人々に上昇的社会移動の機会が拡大されるようになった。そして、立身出世が上昇移動と結び付くこととなった。当時のベストセラーであるスマイルズの『西国(さいごく)立志編』(1870~71)や福沢諭吉の『学問のすゝめ』(1872)は、人々に自らの才覚と努力で立身出世(=上昇移動)を勧める内容であり、また当時の個人レベルの立身出世はそのまま国家レベルの立身出世(=列強への追い付き)と重なり、立身出世は公的にも正当化された。その後明治後期からしだいに社会階層が固定化し安定化するようになると、社会的上昇移動のコースは学校や官僚制によって制度化され、それとともに立身出世の観念も当初の野性味を失い、形式化、矮小(わいしょう)化されるに至った。

 第二次世界大戦後の平等主義的風潮は、矮小化された立身出世をもマイナス・イメージに下落させることとなった。しかし、現在でも立身出世はプラス規範とマイナス規範とのアンビバレント(併存の)傾向を備えた集合意識として存在している。日本において立身出世の実現にとって必要なものは、学歴と集団主義的適応能力といわれている。

[麻生 誠]

『門脇厚司著『現代の出世観』(1977・日本経済新聞社)』

[参照項目] | 階層 | 学歴社会 | 社会的移動

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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