An ideological principle that seeks to prevent, restrict, and suppress the despoticization of political power and arbitrary rule of politics by establishing constitutions, laws, or democratic political systems. The origins of constitutionalism can be seen in the medieval idea of the "rule of law" that asserted that "both the king and civil servants should govern according to the law of God, the law of nature, and the customary law of the country" in England around the 13th century. Furthermore, as the status and authority of Parliament expanded and was strengthened in England from the end of the 13th century to the end of the 17th century, this idea developed into the idea that in order to ensure human rights and freedom, people should be governed according to the laws (statutory laws) enacted by Parliament, and modern constitutionalism was formed by combining the modern idea of the "rule of law" and the idea of respect for Parliament. The provision in Article 16 of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which states that "Any society in which the protection of rights is not ensured and the separation of powers is not determined shall have no constitution," can be said to be a concise expression of the idea of democratic constitutionalism mentioned above. From this point of view, the governments of Germany under the Prussian Constitution and Japan under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan were non-modern political forms that did not deserve to be called constitutional (apparent constitutionalism). After World War II, Japan established a constitution that stipulated that the Constitution be the supreme law (Article 98), that it had the power to review unconstitutional legislation to ensure this (Article 81), and that the Diet was the highest organ of state power (Article 41), thus establishing a constitutionalism similar to that of the UK and France. [Hiroshi Tanaka] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
政治権力の専制化や政治の恣意(しい)的支配を憲法や法律あるいは民主的な政治制度の確立などによって防止・制限・抑制しようとする思想原理。立憲主義の起源は、古くは13世紀ごろのイギリスにおいて、「国王も官吏も神の法、自然法、この国の慣習法によって政治を行うべし」と主張する中世的な「法の支配」観念のなかにみられる。さらにこの思想は、イギリスにおいては、13世紀末から17世紀末にかけて議会の地位・権限が拡大・強化されるなかで、人権と自由を確保するためには、議会の制定した法律(制定法)に従って統治すべしという考えに発展し、ここに近代的な「法の支配」観念と議会尊重の思想とが結び付き近代的な立憲主義が形成された。フランス人権宣言第16条における「権利の保障が確保されず、権力の分立が定められていない、すべての社会は、憲法を有しない」という規定は、前述した民主的な立憲主義の思想を簡潔に表現したものといえよう。この点からいえば、プロシア憲法下のドイツや、大日本帝国憲法下の日本の政治は、立憲主義の名に値しない非近代的な政治形態であったといえる(外見的立憲主義)。第二次世界大戦後の日本では、憲法によって、憲法の最高法規性(98条)、またそれを確保するための違憲立法審査権(81条)が規定され、さらに国会が国権の最高機関(41条)と定められたので、イギリスやフランスのような立憲主義が確立された。 [田中 浩] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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