Constitutional monarchy (English spelling)

Japanese: 立憲君主制 - りっけんくんしゅせい(英語表記)constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy (English spelling)

A political system in which the power of the monarch is limited by a constitution. Constitutional monarchy was first established in the 17th century in England, which overthrew absolute monarchs and formed a modern state. Originally, in England, the status and power of Parliament had been steadily developing since the end of the 13th century, so there was a strong belief in the power of the monarch being limited by the laws and decisions enacted by Parliament. However, in the 17th century, the monarch sought to expand and strengthen his power and began to pursue the path of absolute monarchy, which led to the Civil Revolution. Therefore, in England after the Glorious Revolution, a political ideology was established in which Parliament (the King, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons), which has legislative power, takes precedence over the King, who has executive power. Furthermore, in England, from the mid-18th century onwards, executive power was effectively held by the Cabinet, and then, as party politics was established in the 19th century, a parliamentary cabinet system in which the Cabinet formed by the majority party is responsible to Parliament became the basic principle of political management, and England became a model democratic nation in the world.

It is true that the British monarch is still the head of state today, and formally the head of executive power. However, with the Statute of Westminster in 1931, the British monarch was placed in the position of symbol of the British Kingdom, so although the UK is a constitutional monarchy, its political reality is the same as that of republics such as the US, today's France, and the former West Germany. On the other hand, constitutions existed in Germany before World War I and in Japan before the war, but in those countries, the monarch or the emperor held the executive power and had many powerful prerogatives, and the power of the parliament was extremely weak, so even though they were constitutional monarchies, they were only in name, and these countries could not be called democracies. Such constitutional monarchies are called apparent constitutionalism, and constitutional monarchies like the UK are called parliamentary monarchies.

Even after World War II, there are still countries with monarchies -- there are now only a dozen or so -- but most of them are constitutional monarchies like the British, and some countries, such as Belgium and Luxembourg, explicitly state popular sovereignty in their constitutions. In postwar Japan, popular sovereignty was made clear in the constitution, imperial sovereignty was abolished, and the emperor was given a symbolic status with no political authority. In this sense, postwar Japan can be defined as a democratic nation that, in effect, follows popular sovereignty.

[Hiroshi Tanaka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

君主の権力を憲法によって制限している政治形態。立憲君主制は、絶対君主を打倒して近代国家を形成した17世紀イギリスにおいて最初に確立された。もともとイギリスでは、13世紀末以来、議会の地位と権限が順調に発展してきたため、君権は、議会の制定した法律や決定に制限されるという権力制限的思考が強かった。しかし17世紀に入って、君主がその権限の拡大強化を図り絶対君主の道を追求し始めたため、市民革命が起こった。したがって、名誉革命後のイギリスにおいては、立法権をもつ議会(国王・上院・下院)が行政権をもつ国王に優位するという政治思想が確立された。さらにイギリスでは、18世紀中葉以降、行政権は事実上内閣の掌握するところとなり、続いて19世紀に入って政党政治が確立されるなかで、多数党の形成する内閣が議会に対して責任を負うという形での議院内閣制が政治運営上の基本原則となるに及んで、イギリスは、世界における民主主義国家のモデルとなった。

 なるほど、イギリス国王は今日においても国の元首であり、形式的には行政権の長である。しかし、1931年のウェストミンスター憲章によって、イギリス国王は連合王国British Kingdomの象徴としての地位についたから、イギリスは立憲君主制国ではあるが、その政治の実態は、アメリカや今日のフランス、旧西ドイツなどの共和国と同じものであるといえよう。他方、第一次世界大戦前のドイツや戦前の日本でも憲法は存在したが、そこでは、君主や天皇が行政権を掌握し、数々の強大な大権を有し、議会の権限はきわめて弱かったから、立憲君主制といってもそれは名ばかりで、とうていこれらの国々は民主主義国家とはいえなかった。このような立憲君主制は外見的立憲主義とよばれ、イギリスのような立憲君主制は議会主義的君主制とよばれる。

 第二次世界大戦後も君主を擁する国々――その数はいまや十数か国にすぎない――が存在するが、そのほとんどはイギリス型の立憲君主制をとっており、ベルギー、ルクセンブルクなどのように憲法上、国民主権主義を明記している国もある。戦後日本では、憲法上、国民主権主義を明確化し、天皇主権主義を廃止し、天皇は政治的権限をもたない象徴的地位についた。この意味で戦後の日本は、事実上、国民主権主義をとる民主国家と規定できよう。

[田中 浩]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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