Ravenna - Ravenna (English spelling)

Japanese: ラベンナ - らべんな(英語表記)Ravenna
Ravenna - Ravenna (English spelling)

The capital of the province of Ravenna in the Emilia-Romagna region in northeastern Italy. Population 138,204 (2001 census estimate). It is connected to Porto Corsini on the Adriatic Sea by the 12-kilometer-long Corsini Canal. Located in a rich agricultural region, the city was involved in agricultural product trading and food manufacturing, but the discovery of methane gas fields in 1953 transformed the city into a heavy chemical industry city, with petrochemical, oil refining, textile, cement, and other industries developing. It is a treasure trove of Byzantine mosaic art, with masterpieces such as the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (5th century), the Basilica of San Vitale, the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, and the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe in nearby Classe (all 6th century). The mosaic of Justinian and Theodora in the Basilica of San Vitale is particularly famous.

[Kenichi Sakai]

history

Open to the sea and facing the interior with marshes as a natural fortress, Ravenna had been a strategic military location since the 1st century BC. The city developed rapidly after Augustus (reigned 27 BC-14 AD), the first emperor of the Roman Empire, opened the port of Classe and used it as a fleet base, and in 402 the capital of the Western Roman Empire was moved here from Milan, after which it was further expanded and developed. Odoacer, who overthrew the empire, and Theodoric, the Ostrogothic king who overthrew him in 493, also used it as their capital, and after Justinian I reconquered Italy (554), it became the seat of the Byzantine Empire's advance government. Its prosperity peaked in the 6th century and began to decline, being conquered by the Lombards in 751, and made into a Papal State by the Frankish king Pepin in 756. After the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, it is believed that the city regained some of its former prosperity under the Archbishop of Ravenna, who was a great vassal of the emperor, and was one of the earliest comunes (autonomous cities) in Italy. Dante died here in 1321. In the 15th century, it came under Venetian control, but was returned to the Pope in 1509. After Napoleon's conquest, it was returned to the Pope in 1815, and was integrated into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860.

[Atsuko Goto]

[References] | Byzantine Art

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イタリア北東部、エミリア・ロマーニャ州ラベンナ県の県都。人口13万8204(2001国勢調査速報値)。全長12キロメートルのコルシーニ運河によってアドリア海に面するポルト・コルシーニと結ばれる。豊かな農業地帯に位置し、農産物の取引や食品工業が行われていたが、1953年メタンガス田の発見を契機として重化学工業都市に転身し、石油化学、石油精製、繊維、セメントなどの工業が発達した。ビザンティン式モザイク芸術の宝庫であり、ガッラ・プラチーディア廟墓(びょうぼ)(5世紀)、サン・ビターレ聖堂、サン・タポリナーレ・ヌオーボ聖堂、近郊のクラッセにあるサン・タポリナーレ・イン・クラッセ聖堂(いずれも6世紀)などに傑作をとどめている。サン・ビターレ聖堂のユスティニアヌスとテオドラのモザイクはとくに有名。

[堺 憲一]

歴史

海に向かって開け、内陸部に対しては沼沢地を天然の要塞(ようさい)としたラベンナは、すでに紀元前1世紀から軍事的要地であった。ローマ帝国初代皇帝アウグストゥス(在位前27~後14)がクラッセ港を開き艦隊基地としてから急速に発展し、402年西ローマ帝国の首都がミラノから当地に移されてさらに拡大整備された。帝国を倒したオドアケル、493年に彼を倒した東ゴート王テオドリックもここを首都とし、ユスティニアヌス1世のイタリア再征服(554)以後は、ビザンティン帝国の出先行政府の所在地となった。6世紀を頂点にその繁栄は陰りをみせ始め、751年ランゴバルド人に征服され、756年フランク王ピピンにより教皇領とされた。神聖ローマ帝国成立後の一時期、皇帝の大封臣たるラベンナ大司教の下で昔日の繁栄を若干取り戻したと考えられ、コムーネ(自治都市)としての成立はイタリアでももっとも早い時期に属する。1321年にはダンテがここで没した。15世紀にはベネチアの支配下に入るが、1509年教皇に返還された。ナポレオンによる制圧後、1815年に教皇に返還され、1860年イタリア王国に統合された。

[後藤篤子]

[参照項目] | ビザンティン美術

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Lavoisier - Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

>>:  Lavender oil - lavender oil

Recommend

abhinaya

…All artistic dances use these two classification...

Sodium cyclohexylsulfamate

…Sodium cyclohexylsulfamate (also called sodium c...

Seven Kings of Rome

Seven kings who are said to have reigned in the ea...

Lesser cuckoo

A perennial plant of the lily family that grows in...

Amsterdam Rotterdam Bank - amsterdamrotterdamginko

…The Nederlandsche Bank, the central bank and sol...

Initium - Inityum

…Depending on the era and genre, it is primarily ...

Corvey

A town adjacent to Höxter in North Rhine-Westphali...

Gypsophila - Gypsophila

A cold-hardy annual or perennial plant of the Car...

Pistil (English spelling)

Also called "shizui." The female organ o...

shrinkage cavity

…The main casting defects are described below. (1...

Suvarnabhumi (English spelling)

...From the European point of view, it means a re...

Platycephalus indicus (English spelling)

...In the Kanto region, the nezuppo is called meg...

Rhinoceros unicornis (English spelling)

...Lifespan is over 50 years. [kinds] The Indian ...

Sanpo Gakuso - Sanpo Gakuso

A term used in gagaku. The Gakusho (Gakusho) was e...

Gutai Art Association

An avant-garde art group formed in July 1954 by Yo...