A chemical reaction in which radicals (free radicals) participate. It is also called a free radical reaction or radical reaction. Reactions of various compounds can be broadly divided into ionic reactions that go through ions or ionic intermediates, radical reactions that go through radicals or atoms, and concerted reactions that do not go through any of these. For example, many organic compounds are oxidized by oxygen in air under mild conditions, which generally proceeds as a radical reaction. Radicals generated from carbon compounds generally react very easily with oxygen, and the generated peroxy radicals also react easily with the molecules of many organic compounds, so that organic compounds are easily oxidized by oxygen. Therefore, organic compounds such as oils and polymers are easily deteriorated by oxidation under oxygen, but on the other hand, oxidation is actively used to produce various useful substances. In addition, when a hydrocarbon such as toluene is irradiated with chlorine, the generated chlorine atoms react with the hydrocarbon, and the organic radicals generated from the latter react with chlorine to produce chlorinated products. In addition, the cracking process in which petroleum-based hydrocarbons are decomposed by heating to produce useful hydrocarbons with small molecular weights also involves organic radicals generated by the decomposition of the hydrocarbon. Addition polymerization of many unsaturated compounds, such as styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate, also proceeds through radical reactions. This is because radicals add to vinyl monomers, and the resulting radicals further add to vinyl monomers to produce polymers with large molecular weights. [Tokumaru Katsumi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
化学反応の過程でラジカル(遊離基)が関与する反応をいう。フリーラジカル反応あるいは遊離基反応ともいう。各種の化合物の反応には大別してイオンあるいはイオン性の中間体を経由するイオン反応、ラジカルや原子を経由するラジカル反応と、これらをまったく経由しない協奏的反応とがある。たとえば、多くの有機化合物は空気中で酸素により穏やかな条件下で酸化されるが、これは一般にラジカル反応として進行する。炭素化合物から生じたラジカルは、一般に酸素ときわめて反応しやすく、生成したペルオキシラジカルはまた多くの有機化合物の分子と反応しやすい結果、有機化合物は酸素により酸化されやすい。したがって、酸素下で油脂や高分子などの有機化合物は酸化により劣化しやすいが、他方、酸化を積極的に利用して各種の有用な物質を製造する。また、トルエンなどの炭化水素を塩素とともに光照射すると、生成した塩素原子と炭化水素が反応し、後者から生じた有機ラジカルが塩素と反応して塩素化生成物を生ずる。また、石油系の炭化水素を加熱により分解して、分子量の小さい有用な炭化水素を製造するクラッキングの過程も、炭化水素の分解で生じた有機ラジカルが関与する。 スチレン、メタクリル酸メチル、酢酸ビニルなど、多くの不飽和化合物の付加重合もラジカル反応により進行するものが多い。これは、ビニル単量体にラジカルが付加し、生じたラジカルがさらにビニル単量体に付加していくことにより大きい分子量の高分子を生成するからである。 [徳丸克己] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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