Max Theodor Felix von Laue

Japanese: ラウエ - らうえ(英語表記)Max Theodor Felix von Laue
Max Theodor Felix von Laue

German theoretical physicist. Born near Koblenz. Studied at the Universities of Strasbourg and Göttingen, and became interested in optics after listening to Rummer's lectures at the University of Berlin. He studied under Planck and obtained his doctorate in 1903. In 1905 he became Planck's assistant, and researched the theory of entropy in radiation fields and the theory of relativity. In 1909 he became a private lecturer at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich, where he was supervised by Sommerfeld.

To prove that X-rays are waves, he came up with the idea of ​​diffracting X-rays through a spatial lattice made by the molecules of a crystal. Walter Friedrich (1883-1968) and Paul KM ​​Knipping (1883-1935) performed an experiment, and Laue succeeded in analyzing the resulting diffraction pattern in 1912. This research inspired Bragg, Moseley and others, paving the way for the analysis of atomic structure through X-ray spectroscopy. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his "discovery of X-ray diffraction by crystals." He became an associate professor at the University of Zurich in 1912, a professor at the University of Frankfurt in 1914, and a professor at the University of Berlin in 1919, where he remained until 1943. During this time, he conducted many classical studies on topics such as the diffraction of X-rays and electron beams by crystals, superconductivity, optics, the theory of relativity, and thermodynamics. During this period he also served as an advisor to the National Technical Institute, where Walther Meissner (1882-1974) was conducting experiments in superconductivity.

During the Nazi regime, he was critical of its policies, worked hard to rescue scientists persecuted by the Nazis and help them escape to exile, and remained in Germany himself to prepare for the revival of the scientific community after the collapse of the Nazi regime.

After Germany's defeat, he was taken to England for a time along with other prominent scientists, but after returning to the United Kingdom, he worked with Hahn and others to rebuild the German Physical Society and the State Technical Institute in the former West Germany, and to revive the Max Planck Society, which had renamed itself the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. In 1951, he was appointed director of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society in Berlin, a position he held until his death at the age of 80 in a car accident.

[Yoko Kawai]

[References] | X-ray diffraction | Sommerfeld | Superconductivity | Hahn | Planck | Laue photography | Rummer

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの理論物理学者。コブレンツの近郊に生まれる。ストラスブール大学およびゲッティンゲン大学で学び、ベルリン大学でルンマーの講義を聞いて光学に興味をもつとともに、プランクに師事して1903年に学位を得た。1905年プランクの助手となり、輻射(ふくしゃ)場のエントロピーに関する理論や、相対性理論の研究を行った。1909年にゾンマーフェルトが指導するミュンヘン大学の理論物理学研究所の私講師となった。

 ここで、X線が波動であることを証明するために、結晶の分子がつくる空間格子でX線を回折させることを思い付き、フリードリヒWalter Friedrich(1883―1968)とクニッピングPaul K. M. Knipping(1883―1935)が実験を行い、そこで生じる回折像をラウエが解析するという研究を1912年に成功させた。この研究がブラッグやモーズリーらを刺激し、X線分光学による原子構造の解析に道を開いた。「結晶によるX線回折の発見」により1914年ノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。1912年チューリヒ大学の員外教授、1914年フランクフルト大学教授を経て、1919年ベルリン大学教授となり、1943年まで在職した。この間、X線や電子線の結晶による回折、超伝導、光学、相対性理論、熱力学などの古典的研究を数多く行った。また、この時期、マイスナーWalther Meissner(1882―1974)が超伝導の実験を行っていた国立理工学研究所の顧問も務めた。

 ナチス政権下では、その政策に批判的で、ナチスの迫害を受けた科学者の救済や、亡命の援助に努力し、自らはドイツにとどまって、ナチス政権崩壊後の科学界の再興に備えた。

 ドイツ敗戦後、他の著名な科学者とともに、しばらくイギリスに連行されたが、帰国後、ハーンらとともに旧西ドイツのドイツ物理学会や国立理工学研究所の再建、カイザー・ウィルヘルム協会を改称したマックス・プランク協会の再興に努めた。1951年ベルリンのマックス・プランク協会フリッツ・ハーバー研究所長に就任、交通事故により80歳で死去するまでその任にあった。

[川合葉子]

[参照項目] | X線回折 | ゾンマーフェルト | 超伝導 | ハーン | プランク | ラウエ写真 | ルンマー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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