Reservation - Reservation

In everyday language, the term is used in various ways, such as subscription, hotel reservation, and reservation to purchase a house under construction, but in legal terms, a reservation refers to a contract that promises to enter into a contract in the future (called a reservation in the true sense). The parties are obligated to enter into a contract, but if the other party does not agree to enter into the contract, they must file a lawsuit and win a judgment in their favor. However, this is not practical, so the Civil Code stipulates that "a reservation made by one party to a sale and purchase becomes effective as a sale when the other party expresses their intention to complete the sale" (Article 556, paragraph 1 - One-party reservation for a sale and purchase). In a one-party reservation for a sale and purchase, one party has the right to complete the reservation, and when the party expresses their intention to complete the reservation, the sales contract, which is the main contract, is established without waiting for the other party's consent. When both parties have the right to complete the reservation, it is called a reservation made by both parties.

Even if a reservation for the sale of a certain real estate has been made, the actual contract for the sale has not been concluded and so the transfer of ownership cannot be registered; however, the right can be preserved by provisionally registering the pre-emptive right. Pre-emptive rights can also be transferred. Transfers are made through the method of assignment of claims (Civil Code Article 467), but the transfer of a provisionally registered pre-emptive right can be achieved by making an additional registration of the provisional registration transfer. A provisionally registered pre-emptive right functions as a claim security, and the "Act on Provisional Registration Security Contracts" enacted in 1978 (Showa 53) applies to claim security using provisional registration.

[Takayoshi Ito]

"Takashi Uchida, Civil Law II, 2nd Edition, Specifics of Obligations" (2007, University of Tokyo Press)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

日常用語としては、予約購読、ホテルの予約、建築中の住宅の購入予約などと多義的に用いられるが、法律用語としての予約は、将来本契約を締結することを約する契約をいう（本来の予約という）。当事者は本契約を締結する債務を負うが、相手方が本契約の締結に応じないときは、訴えを提起して勝訴判決を得なければならない。しかしこれは実用的でないので、民法は売買の予約につき「売買の一方の予約は、相手方が売買を完結する意思を表示した時から、売買の効力を生ずる」と規定した（556条1項―売買の一方の予約）。売買の一方の予約は当事者の一方に予約完結権があり、予約完結の意思表示をすると、相手方の承諾を待たずに本契約たる売買契約が成立する。双方に予約完結権がある場合には、売買双方の予約という。

　ある不動産について売買の予約がなされても、売買の本契約は成立していないので所有権の移転登記はできないが、予約完結権を仮登記して権利を保全しておくことができる。また予約完結権は譲渡することができる。譲渡は債権譲渡の方法（民法467条）によるが、仮登記された予約完結権の譲渡は仮登記移転の付記登記をすれば足りる。仮登記された予約完結権は、債権担保の機能をもち、仮登記を用いた債権担保については、1978年（昭和53）に成立した「仮登記担保契約に関する法律」が適用される。

［伊藤高義］

『内田貴著『民法Ⅱ　第2版　債権各論』（2007・東京大学出版会）』

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