Hinomaru - Hinomaru

Japanese: 日の丸 - ひのまる
Hinomaru - Hinomaru

The national flag of Japan. It is also called the Hinomaru flag. In Japan, it has been used on military fans since ancient times, but the Edo Shogunate used it as a ship's crest on cargo ships transporting rice to the imperial palace. At the end of the Edo period, there was a need to clarify the national flag of Japan to the outside world, so in 1854 (Ansei 1), following the opinion of Shimazu Nariakira, lord of the Satsuma domain, it was decided that "Japan's general ship's crest shall be a Hinomaru flag on a white background." The Meiji government also needed to decide on a national flag, so in 1870 (Meiji 3), Dajokan Proclamation No. 57 established the Commercial Ship Regulations, outlining the design and specifications of the "Imperial National Flag."

According to this, the dimensions of the national flag should have an aspect ratio of 7:10, the diameter of the sun emblem should be 3/5 of the height, and the center of the sun emblem should be 1/100th of the width from the center of the flag toward the flagpole. After that, with the establishment of the Navy national emblem, the Hinomaru gradually became established both at home and abroad as the national flag of Japan. After World War II, the raising of the national flag was temporarily banned, but in 1949 (Showa 24), a memorandum from GHQ (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers) permitted the unlimited raising and use of the Japanese flag within Japan.

However, as the use of the Hinomaru as the national flag was based on customary practices based on the Dajokan Proclamation as commercial shipping regulations, it was felt necessary to establish clearer regulations, and so in 1999 (Heisei 11), Law No. 127 was enacted, promulgating the Law Concerning the National Flag and Anthem (National Flag and Anthem Law). According to this, the national flag shall be the Hinomaru flag, and its official form shall be two-thirds of the width, the diameter of the Hinomaru flag shall be three-fifths of the length, the centre of the flag shall be in the centre, the colours shall be white on the ground and the Hinomaru flag shall be red. The commercial shipping regulations of the Dajokan Proclamation were abolished, but the official form of the Hinomaru flag may be based on the standards set out in the said regulations for the time being (Supplementary Provisions 2 and 3).

The new law does not include any provisions for respecting the national flag and anthem, or any penalties, and during Diet deliberations the government explained that it would not force children and students to do things like flying the Hinomaru flag at school. However, there are still unclear aspects in the discussion regarding coercion, such as strengthening work orders given to teaching staff.

[Kohei Maruyama]

[Reference item] | Course of Study | National flag | Japan | Flag

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本の国旗。日章旗ともいう。わが国では古くから軍扇などに使用されていたが、江戸幕府はこれを船印として、城米輸送の廻船(かいせん)などに用いた。幕末に至り、対外的にもわが国の国旗を明確にする必要から、薩摩(さつま)藩主島津斉彬(なりあきら)らの意見をいれ、1854年(安政1)「日本総船印は白地日の丸幟(のぼり)」と定めた。明治政府も国旗を定める必要から、70年(明治3)太政官(だじょうかん)布告第57号で商船規則を制定し、「御国旗」のデザインや規格を示した。

 これによると国旗の寸法は縦横比7対10、日章直径は縦の5分の3、日章の中心は旗面の中心から横に100分の1だけ旗竿(はたざお)側に寄せることとされた。その後、海軍国旗章の制定などもあり、日の丸は日本の国旗としてしだいに内外に定着していった。第二次世界大戦後、一時国旗掲揚が禁止されたこともあったが、1949年(昭和24)にはGHQ(連合国最高司令部)の覚書により、日本国内での日本国旗の無制限の掲揚および使用が許可になった。

 しかし、日の丸を国旗とすることについては、商船規則としての太政官布告に依拠する慣例的な扱いが基礎となっていたため、より明確な規定を定める必要があるとして、1999年(平成11)法律第127号をもって、「国旗及び国歌に関する法律」(国旗・国歌法)が公布・施行された。これによれば、国旗は日章旗とし、その制式は、縦が横の3分の2、日章の直径は縦の5分の3で中心は旗の中心とし、彩色は地は白色、日章は紅色とされた。太政官布告の商船規則は廃止されるが、日章旗の制式については、当分の間、同規則に定める規格によることができるものとされた(附則2、3)。

 新法には、国旗・国歌に関する尊重規定や罰則はなく、国会審議でも、政府側は学校での日の丸掲揚などを児童・生徒らに強制することはないと説明したが、教職員に対する職務命令の強化など、強制をめぐる論議はなお不透明な面を残している。

[丸山弘平]

[参照項目] | 学習指導要領 | 国旗 | 日本 |

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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