The bank was established in Yokohama in 1880 (Meiji 13) based on the National Bank Act. Initially, in accordance with the inflation policy of the then Minister of Finance, Okuma Shigenobu, the bank's goal was to stabilize the price of silver by facilitating the collection and distribution of specie silver. However, after the political upheaval of 1881, when Matsukata Masayoshi became Minister of Finance and implemented a bill reorganization, the bank's function changed from converting bills into silver coins to lending out bills and collecting in silver coins, and it began to function as a trade financial institution that supplied trade funds during this time. As a result, the bank contributed to the expansion of exports of tea, raw silk, and other products. It also later opened branches in Washington and London, and began to manage Japan's overseas assets. In 1887, the Yokohama Specie Bank Act was enacted, and the bank became a semi-public special bank. With government supervision and protection and low-interest loans from the Bank of Japan, it became a central player in international finance as a foreign exchange bank. Around the time of the Russo-Japanese War, the bank expanded into Manchuria (northeastern China), where it was involved in issuing banknotes and sorting military notes. Furthermore, around the time of World War I, with the rapid development of Japan's trade as a backdrop, the bank expanded its branch network to various parts of the world, making a major contribution to foreign exchange policy. During World War II, the bank was active in the occupied southern territories, and also played a role in supplying war funds in China. After Japan lost its overseas assets and trade was closed down, eliminating its role as a trade financial institution, so in 1946 (Showa 21), it established the Bank of Tokyo and made a fresh start. As a result, the Yokohama Specie Bank was designated a closed institution and liquidated the following year in 1947. [Hara Shiro] "History of the Yokohama Specie Bank, edited by the Yokohama Specie Bank (1920, same bank / reprint edition, 1976, Nishida Shoten)" [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1880年(明治13)に国立銀行条例に基づいて横浜に設立された銀行。初めは当時の大蔵卿(きょう)大隈重信(おおくましげのぶ)のインフレーション政策にのっとり、正銀の集散を円滑にすることにより銀価の安定を図ることを目的とした。しかし、1881年の政変により松方正義(まさよし)が大蔵卿に就任して紙幣整理を断行してからは、紙幣を銀貨に兌換(だかん)する機能から、紙幣で貸し出して銀貨で回収し、この間の貿易資金を供給する貿易金融機関の機能を果たすようになった。この結果、茶、生糸などの輸出の拡大に貢献した。また、その後ワシントン、ロンドンに支店を設け、わが国の在外資産を管理するようになった。 1887年に横浜正金銀行条例が制定され、同行は半官半民の特殊銀行となり、政府の監督保護と日本銀行による低利融資を受けて、外国為替(かわせ)銀行として国際金融の中心に位置することとなった。日露戦争前後には満州(中国東北)に進出し、銀行券発行、軍票整理にあたった。さらに第一次世界大戦前後には、わが国貿易の飛躍的発展を背景に、世界の各地に支店網を広げ、為替政策に大きく貢献した。第二次世界大戦中は、南方占領地域で活躍するとともに、中国でも戦費の供給などの役割を果たした。敗戦後、在外資産を喪失するとともに、貿易が閉鎖されて貿易金融機関としての役割もなくなったことから、1946年(昭和21)東京銀行を創立して再出発した。これに伴い、横浜正金銀行は翌1947年に閉鎖機関の指定を受けて清算されるに至った。 [原 司郎] 『横浜正金銀行編『横浜正金銀行史』(1920・同行/復刻版・1976・西田書店)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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