Swiss psychologist and professor at the University of Geneva. Born in Neuchâtel. He majored in zoology at the University of Neuchâtel, but later turned his attention to the field of child cognitive development, and since 1921 has devoted himself to research in this field at the Rousseau Institute in Geneva. His research career can be divided into three periods: [Takehisa Takizawa] First halfHis research focused on the egocentrism that is characteristic of children's thinking in terms of language, judgment and reasoning, worldview, causality, moral judgment, and so on. Because young children lack social skills, they often use egocentric language that has no intention of communicating their own thoughts to others. In addition, because they are unable to see things from the perspective of others, their thinking also tends to be egocentric. He attracted attention by claiming that animism and other worldviews unique to young children are based on this egocentrism. [Takehisa Takizawa] Mid-termHer middle-stage research is directed at exploring the origins of infant intelligence and analysing the formation of basic concepts in infants and children. An infant's intelligence is indicated by sensory-motor activity, but by the age of about two years old, this sensory-motor intelligence is given a logical structure, and the infant also acquires the idea of object permanence. As the internalisation of sensory-motor intelligence progresses, images emerge, and the infant enters the stage of representational thinking. She confirmed this process by systematically observing the behaviour of her three beloved children in experimentally set situations. Furthermore, basic concepts such as number, quantity, time, space, speed, and chance in young children are undifferentiated and merely in the germination stage. One of his interests during this period was elucidating the developmental pathway by which these concepts are logically manipulated, and through this research he analyzed the developmental process from the representational thinking stage to the operational thinking stage. Operational thinking appears around the age of 6 or 7. However, until around the age of 11 or 12, children are only capable of logical reasoning about concrete objects, and this is called concrete operations, which he distinguishes from formal operations, which allow reasoning using propositions alone. He regards the development of thinking as a process of equilibrium, and these formal operations are considered to be the most stable form of balanced thinking. He then attempted to theorize the mechanism of the development of thinking by explaining the structure of operational thinking using a logical-mathematical model. [Takehisa Takizawa] Late PeriodHis later research was mainly directed towards the construction of developmental epistemology. Developmental epistemology is the empirical study of the process by which scientific knowledge emerges and is formed, from both the ontogenetic and phylogenetic perspectives. The culmination of this research was the three-volume magnum opus Introduction to Developmental Epistemology (1950). However, he realized that in order to tackle the problems of knowledge in modern science, he needed to work in interdisciplinary collaboration with other scientists, so in 1956 he founded the International Centre for Developmental Epistemology at the University of Geneva. Working in a team with scientists invited from around the world, he devoted the latter half of his life to pioneering this new field. These studies had a major impact not only on modern psychology and pedagogy, but on the entire intellectual world. [Takehisa Takizawa] "Genetic Epistemology: The Developmental Psychology of Scientific Knowledge, translated by Jun Haga (1972, Hyoronsha/Takizawa Takehisa translated by Hakusuisha, Bunko Quessais)" "Piaget, by Boden, translated by Kanji Hatano (1980, Iwanami Shoten)" [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
スイスの心理学者。ジュネーブ大学教授。ヌーシャテルに生まれる。ヌーシャテル大学で動物学を専攻したが、その後、子供の認知発達の分野に関心を向け、1921年以来ジュネーブのルソー研究所でこの分野の研究に没頭した。その研究歴は次の三つの時期に分けられる。 [滝沢武久] 前期子供の言語、判断と推理、世界観、因果関係、道徳判断などにおける子供の思考特有の自己中心性の研究にあてられた。幼児は社会性を欠くため、自分の考えを相手に伝達する意図のない自己中心語が多い。また、他人の観点にたつことができないため、思考も自己中心的になりやすい。アニミズムなどの幼児独得の世界観は、この自己中心性に基づいていると主張して、注目を浴びた。 [滝沢武久] 中期中期の研究は、乳児期の知能の起源の探究ならびに幼児・児童の基本的概念の形成の分析に向けられている。乳児の知能は、感覚運動的活動によって示されるが、生後2歳ごろまでに、この感覚運動的知能に論理構造が付与されていくし、物体の永続性の考えも身についてくる。そして、感覚運動的知能の内面化が進行していくことにより、イメージが出現し、表象的思考の段階に入っていく。この過程を、自分の3人の愛児たちの行動について、実験的に設定した場面のなかで組織的に観察することによって確証した。 また、幼児における数、量、時間、空間、速さ、偶然性などの基本的概念は、未分化で萌芽(ほうが)的なものにすぎない。これらが論理的に操作されるに至る発達の筋道を解明することも、この時期の彼の関心事であり、この研究を通して表象的思考期から操作的思考期への発達過程が分析された。操作的思考は6、7歳ごろ出現する。しかし、11、12歳ごろまでは具体物について論理的に推論することしかできないので、これを具体的操作とよび、命題だけで推論できる形式的操作と区別している。思考の発達を均衡化の過程としてとらえているが、この形式的操作はもっとも安定した均衡状態の思考とみなされる。そして、操作的思考構造を論理数学のモデルを用いて説明することによって、思考の発達のメカニズムを理論化しようと試みた。 [滝沢武久] 後期後期の研究は、主として発生的認識論の構築へと向かっていく。発生的認識論とは、科学的認識が発生し形成されていく過程を、個体発生および系統発生の両面から実証的に研究する科学である。この研究の集大成が、全3巻にわたる大著『発生的認識論序説』(1950)であった。しかし現代科学の認識の問題に取り組むためには、科学者たちとの学際的な共同作業を必要とすることを悟り、1956年ジュネーブ大学内に国際発生的認識論センターを創設し、各国から招いた科学者たちとチームワークを組んで、後半生の全精力をこの新分野の開拓に注いだ。これらの研究は、現代の心理学や教育学ばかりでなく、思想界全体に大きな影響を及ぼした。 [滝沢武久] 『芳賀純訳『発生的認識論――科学的知識の発達心理学』(1972・評論社/滝沢武久訳・白水社・文庫クセジュ)』▽『ボーデン著、波多野完治訳『ピアジェ』(1980・岩波書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Hyacinthus orientalis; common hyacinth
…Religious themes such as the Holy Face, along wi...
…The foot of Mount Unebi and the area of Karu t...
In vertebrates, when the pronephros degenerates in...
…They have long ears and a short tail. They consi...
A socialist country located in southeastern Europ...
…The basic techniques in joinery include hagite, ...
A city in the southern part of Miyazaki Prefecture...
Around 1650-1705 A French writer of fairy tales. A...
…Its official name is the Young Men's Christi...
A butterfly belonging to the order Lepidoptera, f...
In humans, teeth develop twice. The first ones to...
...A deciduous shrub of the Saxifragaceae family ...
…Years of birth and death unknown. In the Pali Bu...
A peninsula that juts out into the southern part ...
…The apex of the shell is at the front end, which...