Verb - vocabulary

Japanese: 用言 - ようげん
Verb - vocabulary

In Japanese grammar, along with "nouns," it is used to express concepts higher than so-called parts of speech. For example, in the grammar theory of Shinkichi Hashimoto, which is most widely circulated through school grammar, "shi (= independent words)" is roughly divided into "predicates, nouns, adjudicatives, and interjections." Hashimoto lists "verbs and adjectives" as "predicates," and states that so-called "adjectival verbs" can be seen as a type of predicate in contrast to verbs and adjectives in written language, but in colloquial language, they should be seen as special adjectives, considering the use of conjugated forms and their connection with auxiliary verbs. Furthermore, he states that "predicates" have various functions on their own, which are shown through conjugation, and that a distinctive function is that they can become predicates on their own. He also states that semantically, they do not simply express an attribute, but express that a certain thing has that attribute, and points out that this is what is meant when it is said that "predicates are descriptive."

Generally, "predicates" are often considered to be independent words that conjugate, but according to Yamada Yoshio, the essence of "predicates" is that they express statements (the verbalization of the mental process that combines and unifies nominative and non-nominative concepts), and conjugation is merely the result of the word responding to various statements. Yamada also considers so-called auxiliary verbs to be something that branched off from "predicates" in order for them to fulfill various statements, and recognizes them as belonging to the "predicates", calling them "compound endings."

[Yamaguchi Yoshinori]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本文法の用語で、「体言」などとともに、いわゆる品詞より上位の概念を表すために用いられる。たとえば、学校文法などを通じてもっとも一般に流布している橋本進吉の文法論では、「詞(し)(=自立語)」を大きく「用言・体言・副用言・感動詞」に分ける。橋本は、「用言」として「動詞・形容詞」をあげるが、いわゆる「形容動詞」については、文語では動詞・形容詞に対立する用言の一種とみてもよいが、口語では、活用形の用法や助動詞との接続などからみて、特殊の形容詞とみるのがよいと述べている。なお、「用言」は、単独で種々の職能を有し、それが活用によって示されるとするが、特徴的な職能として、単独で述語になることをあげる。また、意味的には、単に属性だけを表すのでなく、ある物がその属性を有するということを表すと述べ、「用言に叙述性がある」といわれるのはその意味であると指摘している。

 一般に「用言」を活用する自立語ととらえることが多いが、山田孝雄(よしお)によれば、「用言」の本質は、陳述(主位概念と賓位(ひんい)概念とを結合・統一する精神作用の言語化)を表す点にあり、活用は、その語類が多様な陳述に応ずる結果にすぎないとされる。また、山田は、いわゆる助動詞を、「用言」が種々の陳述を果たすために「用言」から分出したものととらえ、「用言」の内部に属するものと認めて、「複語尾」と称している。

[山口佳紀]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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