Oil layer - Yuso

Japanese: 油層 - ゆそう
Oil layer - Yuso

An underground reservoir that contains crude oil. Most oil layers are in an anticline shaped like a saddle, as shown in Figure A. Oil is present at the top of the anticline, and natural gas is dissolved under high pressure. This gas is called dissolved gas. Oil field water surrounds the oil layer. This is called edge water. Oil field water is also present where oil is present in the oil layer. This is called pore water. Some oil layers contain free natural gas at the top, as shown in Figure B. This part is called a gas cap. Oil generated underground migrates from the source rock and accumulates at the top of the anticline to form an oil layer, but due to an impermeable layer called cap rock that is deposited on top of the oil layer, the oil is stored underground for more than millions of years without flowing out to the surface. The rocks in the oil layer consist of sandstone, limestone, tuff, etc., and oil is present in the gaps between the rock particles. Many of the large oil fields in the Middle East produce oil from limestone reservoirs. The permeability of the reservoir rock is an important property of the reservoir. Permeability is a measure of the ease with which fluids flow through rock. Rock permeability is expressed as a coefficient called the permeability, measured in darcy units. Millidarcy, one thousandth of a darcy, is generally used. Most oil reservoirs have a permeability of several tens to several hundred millidarcy, but the large oil fields in the Middle East have reservoirs with a few darcy or more. In addition to a large reservoir, a high permeability is also a requirement for a large oil field. The depth of the reservoir ranges from several tens of meters to over 5,000 meters, and the depth tends to increase gradually.

[Shozo Tanaka]

Oil layer (Figure A)
©Shogakukan ">

Oil layer (Figure A)

Gas Cap (Fig. B)
©Shogakukan ">

Gas Cap (Fig. B)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原油を埋蔵している地下の貯留層をいう。油層の多くは図Aに示すような馬の鞍(くら)の形をした背斜構造中にある。油は背斜構造の頂部に存在し、高い圧力の下で天然ガスを溶解している。このガスを溶解ガスという。油層の周囲には油田水がある。これを端水(はすい)という。油田水は油層の油の存在する所にもある。これを間隙水(かんげきすい)という。油層によっては図Bのように、頂部に遊離した天然ガスが存在することがある。この部分をガスキャップという。地下で生成した油は石油根源岩より移動し、背斜構造の頂部に集積し油層を形成するが、油層の上に堆積(たいせき)しているキャップロックあるいは帽岩とよばれる不浸透性の地層により、地表へ流出することなく数百万年以上の長い間地下に保存されている。油層の岩石は砂岩、石灰岩、凝灰岩などよりなり、岩石粒子の間隙に油が存在している。中東の大油田では石灰岩の油層から産油している例が多い。油層岩石の浸透性は油層の重要な性質である。浸透性とは流体が岩石中を流れるときの流れやすさを示す尺度である。岩石の浸透性は浸透率という係数で表され、単位はダルシーである。一般にはダルシーの1000分の1のミリダルシーを用いている。多くの油層の浸透率は数十から数百ミリダルシーであるが、中東の大油田は数ダルシー以上の油層をもつ。大油田になるには、油層規模が大きいほかに浸透率の高いことも条件の一つである。油層深度は数十メートルから5000メートル以上に及び、深度はしだいに深くなる傾向にある。

[田中正三]

油層〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

油層〔図A〕

ガスキャップ〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

ガスキャップ〔図B〕


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