Louis Dembitz Brandeis

Japanese: ブランダイス - ぶらんだいす(英語表記)Louis Dembitz Brandeis
Louis Dembitz Brandeis

A famous American lawyer who worked hard to realize social justice. Born in Kentucky to Jewish immigrants from Bohemia. After graduating from Harvard University, he became a lawyer, and in 1890, he co-authored an article with a friend titled "The Right to Privacy" in the Harvard Law Review, contributing to the establishment of the right to privacy. He also fought hard as a people's lawyer to improve the economic status of workers. At the time, a labor protection law that limited working hours to 10 hours a day had been ruled unconstitutional as it violated the due process clause of the U.S. Constitution. In the case of Mueller v. Oregon, in which the effectiveness of Oregon's 10-hour workday law for women was challenged, Brandeis wrote a brief (known as the "Brandeis Brief") defending its constitutionality based on the social background, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the state law constitutional. Although he was later criticized as a radical, he was appointed to the United States Supreme Court in 1916 as the first Jewish justice, and served in that position until 1939. As a justice, he is famous for writing many dissenting opinions that have left their mark on posterity.

[Masao Horibe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

社会正義の実現に努めたアメリカの著名な法律家。ボヘミアからのユダヤ人移民の子としてケンタッキー州に生まれる。ハーバード大学卒業後、弁護士となり、1890年には『ハーバード・ロー・レビュー』誌に友人と連名で「プライバシーの権利」という論文を書き、プライバシー権を確立するのに貢献した。また、人民の弁護士として、労働者の経済的地位の改善等のために奮闘した。当時は労働時間を1日10時間に制限する労働保護法が合衆国憲法の適正手続(デュー・プロセス)条項に反し違憲であるという判決が出ていたような状況であったが、ブランダイスは、オレゴン州の婦人10時間労働法の効力が争われた事件(ミュラー対オレゴン州事件)で、社会的背景などを踏まえてその合憲性を弁護するブリーフ(準備書面)を書き(これは「ブランダイス・ブリーフ」として知られている)、合衆国最高裁は、同州法を合憲であると判断するに至った。彼は、その後、急進主義者であるとの批判等を受けながらも、1916年にはユダヤ人としては初めて合衆国最高裁の裁判官に任命され、1939年までその職にあった。裁判官として後世に名を残す数々の少数意見を書いたことで有名である。

[堀部政男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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