Cafe - Cafe (English spelling) café French

Japanese: カフェー - かふぇー(英語表記)café フランス語
Cafe - Cafe (English spelling) café French

Also written as café. In Japan, it often refers to a restaurant in the early Showa period, similar to today's cabarets, where hostesses served Western alcohol and food to customers. Café originally meant coffee, but it came to mean coffee shops (kisha-ten), which spread in Europe in the 17th century, and eventually restaurants that served food and alcohol. In America, snack bars, taverns, and nightclubs are also widely called cafés. The first Japanese coffee shop was the Café Printemps, which opened in April 1888 (Meiji 21) in Nishikuromon-cho, Shitaya, Tokyo. The first café to use the name was Café Printemps, which opened in March 1911 (Meiji 44) in Hiyoshi-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo (now Ginza 8-chome), in response to the demand for a Western-style hangout and conversation place for young painters and poets. Western alcohol and food were also available, and female employees served the waiters. They were followed by Lion, Paulista, and in Osaka, Kisaragi and Mikado. Their heyday was from around 1929-30 (Showa 4-5) to around 1935, at the beginning of the Showa era, when Osaka cafe capital moved to Tokyo and began selling explicit sexual services. Neon lights, jazz, the smell of flour, coquettish voices and seductive behavior attracted the hearts of the masses who wanted to escape the dark times of recession and unemployment, and songs like "If I had a cafe waitress as my wife..." became popular. By 1957, the number of cafes nationwide had reached 30,000, with 89,000 female employees.

The oldest salon in the world was established in Mecca in the Middle East in the 9th century. The first salon in Europe was opened in Venice in 1647. It was welcomed by the emerging bourgeoisie, and by the 18th century there were over 600 in Paris and over 2,000 in London. Artists, politicians and business people gathered there, and it played the role of a salon for the citizens, becoming a place to give birth to new art, ideas and culture. Procope in Paris, where the Enlightenment philosopher Diderot frequented, was the place where the Encyclopedia was born, and the Bastille was stormed two days after lawyer Desmoulins gave a speech in Foix calling for "taking up arms against tyranny." The title of Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal was decided upon at Lambrun, and Lloyd's Insurance Company was born from Lloyd's in London, and there are many other cultural history topics to discuss.

[Moriwaki Itsuo]

"Café Scenes: Protagonists of Fin de Siècle Europe" by Sommer Bammel and Rose Marie, photographs by Manfred Hamm, translated by Aoki Mami and supervised by Nakamura Toshiharu (1991, TOTO Publishing)""Cafés: Places of Unique Culture" by Watanabe Jun (1995, Maruzen)""Café Culture in Europe" by Klaus Thiele-Dollmann, translated by Hirata Tatsuji and Tomoda Kazuhide (2000, Taishukan Shoten)""Coffee Houses: A History of Urban Life in 18th Century London" by Kobayashi Akio (Kodansha Academic Library)""Literary Cafés" by Kikumori Hideo (Chuko Shinsho)

[References] | Coffee house | Cabaret | Salon | Night club | Royce

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

カフェとも記す。日本では客席にホステスをはべらせて洋酒・洋食を供した、今日のキャバレーに類する、昭和初期の飲食店をいう場合が多い。カフェーは本来はコーヒーの意味であるが、転じて17世紀のヨーロッパに広がったコーヒーを飲ませる店(喫茶店)、やがては食事・酒を出す店をもいうようになった。アメリカでは軽食堂、酒場、ナイトクラブなども広くカフェーと称する。日本の喫茶店の始まりは、1888年(明治21)4月、東京・下谷(したや)西黒門町にできた可否茶館(カッヒーちゃかん)。カフェーを名のる第一号は、1911年(明治44)3月、東京・京橋区日吉(ひよし)町(現在の銀座8丁目)に開店したカフェ・プランタンで、若い画家や詩人たちの欧米風のたまり場、会話の場を求める声を受けて誕生した。洋酒・洋食もあって、女子従業員が給仕した。続いてライオン、パウリスタ、大阪ではキサラギ、ミカドができた。全盛期は1929、30年(昭和4、5)ごろから35年ごろまでの昭和の初めで、大阪のカフェー資本が東京へ乗り込み、露骨な性的サービスを売り物とするようになった。ネオン、ジャズ、そして脂粉の香り、嬌声(きょうせい)、媚態(びたい)は、不景気と失業の暗い世相から逃避したい大衆の心をひきつけ、「カフェの女給をワイフに持てば……」といった歌がはやった。32年ごろの全国のカフェー店数は3万軒、女子従業員は8万9000人にのぼった。

 世界では9世紀ごろ中東のメッカなどにできたのが最古。ヨーロッパでは1647年ベネチアに初めて開店した。勃興(ぼっこう)期のブルジョアに迎えられ、18世紀にはパリに600軒、ロンドンでは2000軒を超えた。芸術家や政経人が集まり、市民のサロンの役割を果たし、新しい芸術、思想、文化を生み出す場となった。啓蒙(けいもう)哲学者ディドロが通ったパリの「プロコープ」は百科全書誕生の場となり、「フォワ」で弁護士デムーランが「暴政に武器をとれ」と演説した2日後バスチーユが襲撃された。ボードレールの『悪の華』の標題が決められたのは「ランブラン」、ロンドンの「ロイズ」からはロイズ保険機構が生まれた、等々、文化史的な話題が多い。

[森脇逸男]

『ゾンマー・バンメル、ローゼ・マリー著、マンフレート・ハム写真、青木真美訳、中村利治監訳『カフェの光景――世紀末ヨーロッパの主役たち』(1991・TOTO出版)』『渡辺淳著『カフェ――ユニークな文化の場所』(1995・丸善)』『クラウス・ティーレ・ドールマン著、平田達治・友田和秀訳『ヨーロッパのカフェ文化』(2000・大修館書店)』『小林章夫著『コーヒー・ハウス――18世紀ロンドン、都市の生活史』(講談社学術文庫)』『菊盛英夫著『文学カフェ』(中公新書)』

[参照項目] | 喫茶店 | キャバレー | サロン | ナイトクラブ | ロイズ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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