Theoretical physicist. Born in Tokyo as the third son of geologist Takuji Ogawa. Graduated from the Faculty of Science at Kyoto Imperial University in 1929 (Showa 4), he became an assistant professor at Osaka Imperial University in 1933, and then became a professor at Kyoto Imperial University in 1940. At one time he held professorships at Tokyo Imperial University, the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and Columbia University, but from 1953 (Showa 28) until his retirement he served as director of the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University. In 1932, the neutron was discovered by Chadwick, and it became clear that the atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. However, the force that binds the protons and neutrons together became a major problem. Meanwhile, research into the beta decay of atomic nuclei made it necessary to assume the existence of the neutrino, which was unknown at the time. Yukawa proposed that there is an unknown force field that binds protons and neutrons together, based on the analogy that the electromagnetic field mediates the force acting between charged particles. When quantum field theory is applied to this, it is found that there is a certain type of particle associated with the field, and from the effective distance of the force, it was estimated that its mass is intermediate between that of a proton and an electron. Therefore, this particle was called a meson and the field was called a meson field. In addition, by assuming that this meson decays into an electron and a neutrino, it also provided a possibility of a unified explanation of beta decay of atomic nuclei. Although it is now known that the details of the force that binds protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus and the mechanism of beta decay are more complicated, Yukawa's theory was the first to introduce the ideas typically used in current particle physics, and it became the starting point for a major trend in physics, which led to the development of a large field called particle physics. For this research, he received the Imperial Prize of the Japanese Academy in 1940, and in 1949, Japan's first Nobel Prize in Physics, for "predicting the existence of mesons based on theoretical research into nuclear forces." The psychological impact this had on the general public, who were suffering through the hardships of the Second World War, is immeasurable. Particularly in the academic field, it gave young researchers confidence and encouragement, and was a major support for the subsequent development of science in Japan. The English-language journal " Progress of Theoretical Physics ," which he founded immediately after the war, is highly regarded in academic circles around the world. With a deep knowledge of Eastern thought and a critical spirit backed by outstanding insight, he aimed for the unique development of modern science and had a major impact not only on the theory of elementary particles, but also on the development of space science, life science, and other fields. In particle physics, he attempted to achieve a unified theory of elementary particles by improving on the extremely naive concept of time and space on which quantum field theory, currently the most advanced theory, is based.From this standpoint, he proposed the nonlocal field theory, which improves on the idea that fields as previously considered are functions of only a single point in space and time, and the theory of elementary domains, which states that domains of space and time are not infinitely divisible, but rather that there are indivisible fundamental domains. He devoted himself to the movement for world peace for a long time. When Russell and Einstein published the famous manifesto against nuclear weapons in 1955, he signed the declaration along with many other Nobel Prize laureates, and participated in the Pugwash Conferences, which were created as a result of this declaration, several times since the first one (1957), becoming one of the central figures in the peace movement among scientists around the world. He devoted himself to the formation of the Committee of Seven Appeal for World Peace, the Kyoto Conference of Scientists, and the movement to build a world federation, striving for the achievement of world peace and the abolition of nuclear weapons, until just before his death. [Shigeru Machida] "Hideki Yukawa's Selected Works" (1971, Asahi Shimbun) [References] | | | | | |Neutrons| | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
理論物理学者。地質学者小川琢治(たくじ)の三男として東京に生まれる。1929年(昭和4)京都帝国大学理学部を卒業、1933年大阪帝国大学助教授ののち、1940年京都帝国大学教授となった。一時、東京帝国大学、アメリカのプリンストン高等研究所、コロンビア大学などの教授を兼ねたが、1953年(昭和28)以降定年退官まで京都大学基礎物理学研究所所長の職にあった。 1932年チャドウィックによって中性子が発見され、原子核が陽子と中性子とからなることが明らかになったが、それとともに、陽子・中性子を互いに結び付けている力が何であるかが大きな問題になった。一方、原子核のβ(ベータ)崩壊の研究から、当時未知のニュートリノの存在を仮定することが必要になってきていた。 湯川は、荷電粒子間に働く力を電磁場が媒介するとの類推から、陽子・中性子を結び付ける未知の力の場があるとした。これに場の量子論を適用すると、場に伴うある種の粒子があることになり、力の有効距離の大きさから、その質量は陽子と電子の質量の中間と推定された。そのため、この粒子を中間子、その場を中間子場とよんだ。また、この中間子が電子とニュートリノとに崩壊するとして、原子核のβ崩壊をも統一的に説明する可能性を与えた。原子核のなかで陽子・中性子を結び付ける力とβ崩壊のメカニズムの詳細についてはもっと複雑であることが現在ではわかっているが、湯川の理論は、現在の素粒子論で典型的に使われる考え方を初めて導入したもので、物理学に一つの大きな流れを生じる糸口となり、それを契機として、素粒子論とよばれる大きな領域が発展した。 この研究によって、1940年に学士院恩賜賞を、1949年に日本最初のノーベル物理学賞を、「核力の理論研究に基づく中間子の存在の予言」により受けた。このことが、第二次世界大戦後の苦難にあえいでいた国民一般に与えた精神的影響の大きさは計り知れない。とくに学問分野においては、若い研究者に自信と激励を与え、その後の日本の科学の発展の大きな支えとなった。 戦後すぐに彼が創刊した欧文専門誌『Progress of Theoretical Physics』は世界の学界において高い評価を受けている。また、東洋思想に造詣(ぞうけい)が深く、優れた洞察に裏づけられた批判的精神をもって、近代科学の独自の発展を志向し、素粒子論のみならず、宇宙科学、生命科学などの発展にも大きな影響を与えた。 素粒子論においては、現在もっとも高度の理論である場の量子論が基礎としている時間空間概念がきわめて素朴なものにすぎない点を改良することによって素粒子の統一理論を達成することを試み、その立場から、いままで考えられている場が時間空間の一点だけの関数であることを改良した非局所場の理論、時間空間の領域は無限に分割できるのではなく、分割不能な基本領域があるとする素領域の理論などを提唱した。 世界平和をめぐる運動には長期にわたって献身的な努力を傾けた。1955年にラッセルとアインシュタインが核兵器に反対して有名な宣言を発表した際、他の多くのノーベル賞受賞者とともにその宣言に連署し、またこの宣言を契機として生まれたパグウォッシュ会議には、第1回(1957)以来、何回か参加して、世界の科学者の平和運動の中心人物の一人となった。世界平和アピール七人委員会の結成、科学者京都会議の開催、世界連邦建設運動などに、死の直前まで力を注ぎ、世界平和の達成、核兵器の廃絶に努力した。 [町田 茂] 『『湯川秀樹自選集』(1971・朝日新聞社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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