Shtaerman, EM

...Both theories have been subject to various empirical criticisms, but today the simple theory of cultural decline has disappeared, and there is a strong tendency to think of the issue of Rome's decline not from the perspective of a "decline" that includes value judgments, but as a transformation of the ancient world and a gradual transition from ancient times to the Middle Ages, and the focus of the internal cause theory is on the structural elucidation of the crisis of the 3rd century, the transition period from principality to despotism. On this issue, along with Weber and Rostovtsev, the most influential is the argument of Soviet E Shtaerman, who sees the crisis of the 3rd century as a struggle between two modes of production: the slavery vila that developed on urban land ownership, and the divided land tenancy that developed on private large estates outside the urban areas. On the other hand, those who take an external cause theory in contrast to these various internal causes theories include F. Altheim, who sees the turning point of the Roman Empire's transformation in the international relations that unfolded on the Eurasian continent in the 3rd century, because external crises caused internal crises; A. Piganiol, who believes that Roman civilization did not live out its natural lifespan, but was "assassinated"; and AHM Jones, who sees the main cause of its downfall in increasing external pressure from the Germanic nations.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Shtaerman, EM" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…両者の説はさまざまな実証的批判を受けてはいるが，今日では単純な文化没落説は姿を消し，ローマ没落の問題を価値判断を含む〈没落〉という観点からではなく，古代世界の変容，古代から中世への漸次的移行として考える傾向が強く，内因論の焦点も元首政から専制君主政への移行期である3世紀の危機の構造的解明に当てられている。この問題においてウェーバー，ロストフツェフと並んで影響が大きいのは，3世紀の危機を，都市的土地所有の上に展開した奴隷制ウィラと，都市領域外の私的大所領で発展した分割地小作制という二つの生産様式の間の闘争ととらえるソ連のシタエルマンE.M.Shtaermanの立論である。　他方，これら多様な内因論に対して外因論を採る者としては，対外危機が国内危機を惹起（じやつき）するとして3世紀にユーラシア大陸規模で展開された国際関係にローマ帝国変質の契機をみるアルトハイムF.Altheim，ローマ文明は天寿をまっとうしたのではなく〈暗殺〉されたのだとするピガニョールA.Piganiol，同じく増大するゲルマンの外圧に没落の主因をみるジョーンズA.H.M.Jonesらがいる。…

※「Shtaerman，E.M.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報