Game is one of the fundamental human phenomena, alongside work, power (struggle), love, and death, and has a unique existential character that cannot be derived from other phenomena (E. Fink), and many thinkers have studied game. Regarding the definition and classification of games, Huizinga, who believes that culture was born from games, defines games by freedom, non-ordinaryness, lack of interest, temporal and spatial separation, and regularity, while Caillois classifies games sociologically. Please refer to the entry "Play" for more information. [Masashi Oishi] Some thoughts on playOther thinkers do not consider play as a concrete phenomenon, but rather consider play as an essential way of being for humans or the world. In ancient times, Zhuangzi used the term "play" to describe a state of freedom in which one follows nature and is not bound by anything, a state in which humans and the world are one (Zhuangzi). Plato also said that the best way for humans to live is to enjoy the most beautiful games in accordance with their role as "God's playthings" (Laws). Among modern thinkers, Schiller, following Kant's example of the play of the imagination and understanding as the basis for aesthetic judgment, argued that beauty is created by the "play impulse," in which the material impulse to accept an object and the formal impulse to define an object work together, and that humans become perfect only when they play with beauty (On the Aesthetic Education of Man). Nietzsche also believed that the world plays the game of creation and destruction beyond good and evil through his interpretation of the fragment of Heraclitus' "Pais Paison (Children at Play)" (52). According to him, Greek tragedy is the game of Dionysus, the original artist, and is the form of the world's self-salvation through Apollonian illusion (beautiful dream) (The Birth of Tragedy). All of the ideas presented here reflect the free activity and extraordinary nature of play, and show that play is a transcendental act that brings us into contact with nature, God, beauty, and the origins of the world. [Masashi Oishi] Rituals, games, artsRituals, games, and art have many similarities in their objective form (they are the "reproduction" of some kind of action) and in the subjective experience of transcending reality, and it is widely argued that they all had the same origin. In addition, the modern Western word "game" also means "acting" or "playing," indicating the close relationship between games and art. However, these three are distinguished in the following ways: Games and art were born from the "reproduction" nature of the actions that occur in rituals, but they differ from rituals in that while rituals are external actions such as praying for a good harvest or rain, in games and art, "reproduction" becomes an end in itself. Games and art also differ in that in art, the creator and the recipient are separated for the time being, and social communication between the two is established through the medium of the work, whereas in games there is no separation between the two (the actor and the viewer are one), and no works are produced, so social communication does not occur (Watanabe Mamoru, "Art Studies"). Therefore, games are purely self-purposeful actions, and are a place where the consciousness of a natural community (commune) that existed before social differentiation (division of labor) was established can be experienced. [Masashi Oishi] "On the Aesthetic Education of Man" by F. Schiller, translated by Ishihara Tatsuji (included in "Essays on Aesthetics and Art", Tomiyamabo Encyclopedia Library)" ▽ "The Birth of Tragedy" by F. Nietzsche, translated by Akiyama Hideo (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Homo Ludens" by Huizinga, translated by Takahashi Hideo (Chuko Bunko)" ▽ "Play and Man" by Roger Caillois, translated by Tada Michitaro and Tsukasaki Mikio (Kodansha Bunko)" ▽ "The Ontology of Play" by E. Fink, translated by Ishihara Tatsuji (1971, Serika Shobo)" ▽ "Play - as a Symbol of the World" by E. Fink, translated by Senda Yoshimitsu (1976, Serika Shobo)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
遊戯は、労働、権力(闘争)、愛、死と並ぶ人間の根本現象の一つであり、他の現象から導出することのできない独特の存在性格を有しており(E・フィンク)、多くの思想家が遊戯について考察している。 遊戯の定義・分類について、文化は遊戯のなかで生まれたと考えるホイジンガは、自由、非日常性、没利害性、時間的・空間的分離、規則性によって遊戯を定義しているし、また、カイヨワは遊戯を社会学的に分類した。それについては、項目「遊び」で触れているので、参照してほしい。 [大石昌史] 遊戯をめぐるいくつかの思想ほかに、具体的な現象としての遊戯を考察の対象とするのではなく、遊戯を人間あるいは世界の本質的なあり方とみなす思想家もいる。古くは荘子が、自然に従って何ものにもとらわれることのない自由の境地、いわば人間と世界とが一つになった状態を「遊」と表現している(『荘子』)。またプラトンは、人間にとって最善の生き方は、「神の玩具(がんぐ)」という役割に従って、このうえもなく美しい遊戯を楽しむことである、とした(『法律』)。近代の思想家のなかでは、シラーが、構想力と悟性の遊動(遊戯)を美的判断の根拠とするカントを受けて、対象を受容しようとする素材衝動と対象を規定せんとする形式衝動がともに働く「遊戯衝動」が美を生み出すとし、また、美と遊ぶときにのみ人間は完全なものとなる、としている(『人間の美的教育について』)。またニーチェにおいては、ヘラクレイトスの「パイス・パイゾーン(遊ぶ子供)」の断片(52)の解釈を通じて、世界は善悪の彼岸において創造と破壊の遊戯を戯れるもの、と考えられた。彼によれば、ギリシア悲劇は、根源的芸術家ディオニソスの遊戯であり、アポロン的仮象(美しい夢)を通じての世界の自己救済の姿なのである(『悲劇の誕生』)。 ここにあげた思想はいずれも、遊戯のもつ自由な活動性、非日常性等を反映しており、遊戯が自然、神、美、そして世界の根源に接する現実超越的な行為であることを示している。 [大石昌史] 祭祀、遊戯、芸術祭祀(さいし)、遊戯、芸術は、その客観的形態(なんらかの行為の「再現」であるという点)においても、現実を超越するという主観的体験においても類似するところが多く、その起源において一つであったことが広く主張されている。また、西洋近代語の「遊戯」は同時に「演技」「演奏」を意味し、遊戯と芸術との密接な関係を示している。しかし、これら三者は以下の点で区別される。 遊戯と芸術は、祭祀の内にある行為の「再現」という性格から生まれたものではあるが、祭祀が豊作や降雨を祈願する他目的的行為であるのに対して、遊戯や芸術においては「再現」が自己目的化している点で、祭祀とは異なる。また、遊戯と芸術とは、芸術においてはさしあたっては創作者と享受者とが分離し、作品を媒介とした両者の社会的コミュニケーションが成立するのに対して、遊戯においては両者の分離が存在せず(行為する者と見る者とが一つになっている)、作品も生み出されないことから、社会的コミュニケーションが成立しないという点で異なる(渡辺護(まもる)『芸術学』)。それゆえに遊戯は純粋に自己目的的行為であり、そこにおいて社会的分化(分業)が成立する以前の自然の共同体(コミューン)の意識が体験されうる場なのである。 [大石昌史] 『F・シラー著、石原達二訳『人間の美的教育について』(『美学芸術論集』所収・冨山房百科文庫)』▽『F・ニーチェ著、秋山英夫訳『悲劇の誕生』(岩波文庫)』▽『ホイジンガ著、高橋英夫訳『ホモ・ルーデンス』(中公文庫)』▽『ロジェ・カイヨワ著、多田道太郎・塚崎幹夫訳『遊びと人間』(講談社文庫)』▽『E・フィンク著、石原達二訳『遊戯の存在論』(1971・せりか書房)』▽『E・フィンク著、千田義光訳『遊び――世界の象徴として』(1976・せりか書房)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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