Induced seismicity

Japanese: 誘発地震 - ゆうはつじしん(英語表記)induced seismicity
Induced seismicity

Unlike natural earthquakes, earthquakes that occur due to other causes. Earthquakes that occur due to development and production activities around the world, and earthquakes that occur in other areas due to the induction of a huge earthquake are called induced earthquakes. Earthquakes induced by a huge earthquake are difficult to distinguish from aftershocks. Here we will mainly discuss induced earthquakes that occur as a result of human actions.

Induced earthquakes were first recognized in 1962, when a 4,000-meter well was dug to dispose of radioactive waste liquid at a U.S. military munitions factory in Colorado. Earthquakes began to occur in areas where there had been no earthquakes before. Most were small earthquakes of magnitude 4 or less, but some exceeded magnitude 5, causing a big stir in the local area. After that, when the disposal was stopped, the number of earthquakes decreased, but when injection was resumed, earthquakes reoccurred. For this reason, injection was stopped, but 600,000 tons of waste liquid had been injected up to that point. The epicenter spread within a 10-kilometer radius of the well, and the depth of the epicenter ranged from 10 to 20 kilometers. This is several times the depth of the well, and it is believed that the waste liquid poured underground traveled through cracks in the bedrock to reach deep depths, where it caused the earthquakes.

Other known cases of earthquakes occurring after the impoundment of newly constructed dams include those in India, Zambia, and Egypt. In 1967, a magnitude 6.5 earthquake occurred in western India, killing at least 180 people. This is believed to have been caused by the construction of a huge dam called Koyna Dam. The dam began storing water in 1962, and since then, small earthquakes of magnitude 4 class have begun to occur. The epicenters were limited to a 25-kilometer radius around the dam, making this the only place where earthquakes have occurred within a 100-kilometer radius. Also, a magnitude 5.6 earthquake occurred at the Aswan High Dam in Egypt, nearly 20 years after the dam was filled.

Shale gas mining also induces earthquakes. A large earthquake swarm occurred in the US state of Arkansas in 2011, and another earthquake occurred in Ohio in 2012, causing a temporary halt to mining in both states. In addition, in the inland US states of Arkansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas, where natural gas mining is thriving, the number of earthquakes of magnitude 3 or higher increased in 2011 to six times the average in the 20th century. This increase in earthquakes is thought to be the result of mining.

[Hideki Shimamura]

"Why do huge earthquakes occur? Here's what you need to know" by Hideki Shimamura (2011, Kadensha)

[References] | Earthquake swarm | Shale gas | Earthquake | Epicenter | Aftershocks

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

自然におきる自然地震と違って他の原因でおきる地震。世界各地で行っている開発や生産活動に伴っておきる地震や、巨大地震に誘発されて他の地域でおきる地震を、誘発地震という。巨大地震に誘発されておきる地震は余震との区別がつきにくい。ここではおもに人間の行為が引き金となって発生する誘発地震について述べる。

 誘発地震が最初に認識されたのは1962年、アメリカのコロラド州の米軍兵器工場で放射性廃液の始末のために約4000メートルもの井戸を掘って捨てたときだった。それまで地震がまったくなかったところに地震がおき始めた。多くはマグニチュード(M)4以下の小さな地震だったが、なかにはM5を超える地震もおきて地元では大きな騒ぎになった。その後、廃棄を止めると地震が減り、注入を再開したら地震が再発した。このため注入は中止されたが、それまでに注入した廃液は60万トンだった。震源は井戸から半径10キロメートルの範囲に広がり、震源の深さは10~20キロメートルに及んだ。これは井戸の深さの数倍であり、地下に入れた廃液が岩盤の割れ目を伝わって深いところにまで達し、そこで地震を引き起こしたのだと考えられている。

 このほか、インド、ザンビア、エジプトなど世界各地で新設されたダムの湛水(たんすい)後に地震がおきた例が知られている。1967年にインド西部でM6.5の地震がおきて、少なくとも180人が犠牲になった。これはコイナダムという巨大なダムをつくったことで引き起こされたと考えられている。ダムで貯水が始まったのは1962年で、それ以後、M4クラスの小さな地震がおき始めた。震源はダムの25キロメートル四方だけに限られ、周囲100キロメートル以内で地震がおきているのはここだけだった。またエジプトのアスワン・ハイ・ダムでは、貯水後20年近くたってからM5.6の地震がおきた。

 シェールガス採掘も地震を誘発している。2011年にアメリカのアーカンソー州で大規模な群発地震が発生したほか、2012年にはオハイオ州でも地震がおき、それぞれ採掘を一時中止する騒ぎになった。このほか天然ガス採掘が盛んなアメリカ内陸部のアーカンソー州、コロラド州、オクラホマ州、ニュー・メキシコ州、テキサス州で、2011年にはM3以上の地震が20世紀の平均の6倍にも増えた。こうした地震の増加は採掘の影響だと考えられている。

[島村英紀]

『島村英紀著『巨大地震はなぜ起きる――これだけは知っておこう』(2011・花伝社)』

[参照項目] | 群発地震 | シェールガス | 地震 | 震源 | 余震

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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