This phenomenon is seen in bacteria and yeast, and refers to a group of enzymes whose synthesis of specific enzyme proteins increases rapidly when these cells are given a certain substance (inducer). In the past, they were also called adaptive enzymes, as they adapted to the surrounding environment. β-galactosidase in E. coli is a typical example. In the case of E. coli, when glucose is used as a nutrient source (carbon source), there are only about 10 β-galactosidase molecules per cell, but when lactose is used as the only carbon source, there are several thousand enzyme molecules per cell. Inducers are generally starting substances for enzyme reactions or their analogues, and their addition often induces the entire process or related enzymes listed below in sequence. The mechanism of enzyme level regulation by induction was studied in detail by French molecular geneticist J.F. Jacob and molecular biologist J.L. Monod. According to the operon model proposed by them in 1961, an operon consisting of a group of structural genes and regulatory sites (operator and promoter) is the operating unit of gene expression. By binding to the repressor (suppressing substance) generated by the regulatory site, the inducer prevents the binding of the repressor protein to the operator site, so that RNA polymerase can pass through the operator and transcribe the lactose operon. Thus, induction is the regulation of gene expression at the transcription (RNA synthesis) level. In recent years, a similar phenomenon has been found in higher animal cells. Metallothionein is a detoxifying protein in the liver, and American biochemist Richard Deforest Palmiter (1942- ) discovered that the metallothionein gene is activated when liver cells are exposed to toxic heavy metals such as lead and zinc. However, the induction mechanism has not yet been fully explained. In animal cells, an increase in dihydrofolate reductase by drugs such as methotrexate is also known, but this is accompanied by gene amplification and is distinct from induction regulated at the transcriptional level. [Nobuyoshi Irie] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
細菌や酵母などにみられる現象で、これらの細胞に一定の物質(誘導物質)を与えたとき、特定の酵素タンパクの合成が急激に高まる一群の酵素をいう。かつては周囲の環境に適応するという意味で適応酵素ともよばれた。大腸菌のβ(ベータ)-ガラクトシダーゼはその代表例である。大腸菌の場合、グルコースを栄養源(炭素源)として利用すると細胞当りのβ-ガラクトシダーゼは10分子程度にすぎないが、ラクトースを唯一の炭素源として利用すると細胞当り数千分子の酵素量となる。 誘導物質は一般に酵素反応系の出発物質またはその類似物で、その添加によって以下の全過程あるいは関連酵素群が順次誘導されることが多い。誘導による酵素レベル調節機構は、フランスの分子遺伝学者J・F・ジャコブと分子生物学者J・L・モノーによって詳しく研究された。1961年に彼らが提唱したオペロンモデルによると、一群の構造遺伝子および調節部位(オペレーターとプロモーター)からなるオペロンが遺伝子発現の作動単位となる。誘導物質は調節部位から生ずるリプレッサー(抑制物質)と結合することにより、リプレッサータンパク質とオペレーター部位との結合を妨げ、その結果RNAポリメラーゼがオペレーターを通り抜け、ラクトースオペロンを転写できるようになる。このように、誘導は転写(RNA合成)レベルでの遺伝子発現調節である。 近年、高等動物細胞でも類似の現象がみつかっている。メタロチオネインは肝臓の解毒タンパクであるが、アメリカの生化学者パルミターRichard Deforest Palmiter(1942― )は、肝細胞が鉛や亜鉛などの有害重金属にさらされると、メタロチオネイン遺伝子の活性化がおこることを発見した。しかし、その誘導機構についてはまだ完全には説明されていない。動物細胞では、またメトトレキセートのような薬剤によるジヒドロホレートレダクターゼの増加も知られているが、これは遺伝子の増幅を伴うものであり、転写レベルで調節される誘導とは区別される。 [入江伸吉] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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