Authority - Kengen

Japanese: 権限 - けんげん

It usually refers to the power to perform certain actions.
(1) When used legally, (a) in public law, it refers to the scope of actions that national and local government agencies can legally perform (limited by matters and regions), and (b) in private law, it refers to the scope of actions that agents and corporate agencies can perform based on laws, regulations, and contracts. In terms of business management, it refers to the right to perform duties that accompany the division of labor. It refers to the right to command employees to work as instructed by the person issuing the command in order to effectively achieve the objectives of the company or department.

(2) Delegation of authority An administrative agency delegates part of its legally defined authority to another administrative agency. This is also called delegation of affairs. Delegation of authority can be limited to part of the authority when expressly permitted by law. Furthermore, the entrusted agency exercises the delegated authority as its own authority under its own name and responsibility. In these respects, it is different from agency of authority and exclusive decision/substitute decision.
(3) Agency: When another administrative agency exercises all or part of the authority of an administrative agency on behalf of the original administrative agency. Unlike delegation of authority, there is no transfer of authority externally, and the agency exercises its authority by demonstrating its status as an agent, which produces legal effects as the act of the represented administrative agency. There are two types of agency: authorized agency, in which an agency relationship arises upon authorization by the represented administrative agency, and statutory agency, in which an agency relationship arises automatically by law upon the occurrence of a legal fact. In the case of authorized agency, the scope of agency authority is limited to part of the represented administrative agency's authority, whereas in the case of statutory agency, it generally covers all of it.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

通常は一定の行為をなしうる権能をいう。
(1) 法律上用いられる場合には，(a) 公法上は，国や地方公共団体の機関が法律上行いうる行為の範囲 (事項，地域によって限定される) をいい，(b) 私法上は，代理人や法人の機関が，法令，契約に基づいて行いうる行為の範囲をいう。企業における経営管理の点からいえば，職務分担に伴う職責遂行上の権利のこと。企業，部門の目的を効果的に達成するために，命令者の指示するとおりに作業するように従業員に求める命令権などをさす。

(2) 権限の委任　行政庁が法律上定められた自己の権限の一部を他の行政機関に委譲すること。事務の委任ともいう。権限の委任は，法が明示的に認める場合に，その権限の一部に限って行うことができる。また受任機関は，委任された権限を自己の権限として自己の名と責任において行使する。これらの点で，権限の代理や専決・代決と区別される。
(3) 権限の代理　行政庁の権限の全部または一部を他の行政機関が本来の行政庁を代理して行使すること。権限の委任と異なり，対外的には権限の移動は生じず，代理機関は代理者であることを示して権限を行使し，被代理行政庁の行為としての法的効果を生じる。被代理行政庁の授権により代理関係が生じる授権代理と，法定事実の発生により法上当然に代理関係が生じる法定代理とがある。代理権限の範囲は，授権代理の場合には被代理行政庁の権限の一部に限られるのに対し，法定代理の場合にはそのすべてにわたることを原則とする。

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