A general term for animals belonging to the order Carnivora, family Mustelidae, subfamily Skuncinae. It includes 13 species in three genera: two species in the genus Mephitis , four species in the genus Spilogale , and seven species in the genus Conepatus . All are native to North and South America, are about the size of a cat, and have bushy tails. Their body color is black or dark brown, but many have white stripes or spots. They share the same ecology, living in forests and grasslands, preferring bright and open environments, but not in dense forests. They also appear near houses. They are nocturnal, feeding on mice, rabbits, small bird and turtle eggs, insects, and plant-based food. They are highly resistant to poisonous snakes, and will not hesitate to attack and feed on them. They dig their own burrows, but also use the holes of marmots, rabbits, armadillos, etc. It is said that they will not attack inhabitants, but will share them. Two skunks may share a burrow. In North America, mating season is from February to March, and in South America it is around August. During this time, males roam aimlessly, and may become aggressive and bite humans and livestock. The gestation period is 60 days for striped skunks, 120 days for spotted skunks, and 42 days for hog-nosed skunks, and they give birth to 2 to 10 pups. Newborns have closed eyes and no hair, but their stripes and spots can be seen. After 6 to 8 weeks, the baby comes out of the den accompanied by the mother to feed on its own, and leaves the mother when the mother enters the next rutting period. The lifespan in captivity is 10 years. Mustelids have large secretory glands near their anus that secrete foul-smelling substances, but skunks are particularly famous for this. In skunks, not only are their glands large and well-developed, but some of their ducts are swollen to form cavities, allowing them to store secretions and shoot them all at once. When doing this, the skunk stands on its front legs, points its anus at the enemy, and shoots them at the face. The liquid travels 4 to 5 meters, and if it hits the enemy's eyes, it temporarily blinds them. The main component is butyl mercaptan, which has a chemical structure similar to alcohol, but contains sulfur instead of oxygen. It has a foul odor that is a mixture of garlic, burnt rubber or wool, and carbon disulfide, and is said to travel for more than 1 kilometer. Secretions that come into contact with the skin can be washed off, but if they get on clothes, they are difficult to remove, and the clothes often have to be discarded. Skunks can shoot these secretions several times in a row, but the amount is smaller and the smell is weaker the later they are released. Skunks' black and white coat and distinctive firing posture serve as a warning to predators, and coyotes and pumas often flee at the sight of them. When kept in captivity in zoos, their anal glands are surgically removed. [Minoru Asahi] ©Kimura Shuji "> Main species of skunks [specimen illustrations] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
哺乳(ほにゅう)綱食肉目イタチ科スカンク亜科に属する動物の総称。シマスカンク属Mephitis2種、マダラスカンク属Spilogale4種、ブタバナスカンク属Conepatus7種の3属13種を含む。すべて南・北アメリカ大陸産で、ネコぐらいの大きさでふさふさした尾をもつ。体色は黒ないし黒褐色であるが、白の帯や斑(はん)をもつものが多い。 生態はいずれも共通していて、森林や草原にすみ、どちらかというと明るく開けた環境を好み、密林にはいない。家屋の近くへも姿を現す。夜行性で、ネズミやウサギ、小鳥やカメの卵、昆虫などのほか、植物性の餌(えさ)も食べる。毒ヘビに対しても抵抗性が強く、平気で攻撃し、餌とする。自分でも巣穴を掘るが、マーモットやウサギ、アルマジロなどの穴も利用する。このとき、先住者がいても攻撃せずに、共有する形で入り込んでしまうといわれている。スカンクどうしが一つの巣穴を共有することもある。北アメリカでの交尾期は2~3月、南アメリカでは8月ごろで、この時期の雄はむやみに歩き回り、気が荒くなって人間や家畜にかみついたりもする。妊娠期間はシマスカンク60日余り、マダラスカンク120日、ブタバナスカンク42日で、2~10頭の子を産む。生まれたばかりの子は閉眼で毛も生えていないが、縞(しま)や斑の模様は判別できる。6~8週間後になると、子は雌親に連れられて巣穴から出てきて自分で餌をとり、雌親が次の発情期に入ると親から離れる。飼育下の寿命は10年。 イタチ科の動物は肛門(こうもん)付近に大きな分泌腺(ぶんぴつせん)をもち、悪臭のある物質を出すが、スカンクはとくに有名である。スカンクでは分泌腺が大きく発達しているだけでなく、管の一部が膨らんで腔(こう)となっていて、分泌物を蓄え一度に発射することができる。このときスカンクは前足だけで逆立ちし、肛門を敵に向けて、顔をねらって発射する。液は4、5メートル飛び、敵の目に入ると一時的に盲目にする。主成分はブチルメルカプタンで、化学構造はアルコールに似ているが、酸素のかわりに硫黄(いおう)を含んだ物質である。ニンニク、ゴムや毛を焼いたにおい、二硫化炭素のにおいなどを混ぜたような悪臭で、1キロメートル以上も漂うという。皮膚に直接についた分泌物は洗い落とせるが、衣服についた場合はなかなかとれず、その衣服を捨てねばならないことが多い。スカンクはこの分泌物を数度続けて発射することができるが、あとになるほど量も少なく、においも弱い。スカンクの黒白の毛模様と独特の発射姿勢は敵に警戒を与えるのに役だっており、コヨーテやピューマはたいていの場合その姿勢を見ただけで逃走する。動物園などで飼育する際は手術で肛門腺を除去する。 [朝日 稔] ©木村しゅうじ"> スカンクのおもな種類〔標本画〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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