Monju (English spelling) Gaspard Monge

Japanese: モンジュ - もんじゅ(英語表記)Gaspard Monge
Monju (English spelling) Gaspard Monge

French mathematician. Born to a family of artisans in Beaune. He initially aspired to enter the Military Engineering Academy, but a rule prevented artisans' children from enrolling, so he enrolled in the attached school for training technical non-commissioned officers. Monge used the "method of projection" as a way to express three-dimensional objects in two dimensions so that their shape, position, and geometric properties could be quantitatively and accurately understood at a glance, and he provided a mathematical basis for this method, theorizing that it could be applied in all situations. However, he was not permitted to publish his findings for military reasons. In 1780, he was invited to Paris, where he gave lectures on fluid dynamics and meteorology, where he published the science he had established, and became known in the academic world.

He participated in the French Revolution of 1789 and became a Jacobin. On August 10, 1792, he was made Minister of the Navy at the urging of Condorcet, but resigned the following year to become a professor at the newly established École Normale Supérieure, where he lectured on descriptive geometry. He also lectured on descriptive geometry, theory of surfaces, and theory of spatial curves at the École Polytechnique, founded in 1794. In 1796, Monge was sent to Italy to receive paintings and sculptures given to France by the Pope, and it was during this time that he met Napoleon Bonaparte. When Napoleon became emperor, he became a senator and gained enough trust to be awarded the title of count. However, when Napoleon was overthrown and Louis XVIII ascended to the throne, Monge did not pledge loyalty to the new government, was expelled from public office, and died alone in a shabby house in a corner of Paris on July 28, 1818.

[Ken Kobori]

[Reference item] | Painting geometry

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの数学者。ボーヌの職工の家に生まれる。初め工兵士官学校を志したが、職人の子弟は入学できないという規定があり、付属の技術下士官を養成する学校へ入った。モンジュは、三次元の立体を、形、位置、幾何学的性質が量的に正確に一見してわかるように二次元的に表現する方法として「投影の方法」を用い、この方法に数学的根拠を与え、あらゆる場合に適用できるように理論づけた。しかし軍事上の理由で公表を許されなかった。1780年パリに招かれ、流体力学や気象学の講義を行うなかで、自己の樹立した学問を公表し、学界にその名を知られた。

 1789年のフランス革命に参加し、ジャコバン党員となった。1792年8月10日、コンドルセの切望によって海軍大臣になったが、翌1793年辞職し、新たに設置された高等師範学校(エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール)の教授となり、画法幾何学を講義。また、1794年に設立された理工科大学校(エコール・ポリテクニク)で、画法幾何学、曲面論、空間曲線論を講義した。1796年モンジュは、ローマ法王からフランスへ譲渡された絵画と彫刻とを受け取るためにイタリアへ派遣され、このときにナポレオン・ボナパルトを知った。ナポレオンが皇帝になると上院議員になり、伯爵を授与されるほどの信頼を得た。しかし、ナポレオンが失脚し、ルイ18世が王位についた際、モンジュは新政府に忠誠を誓わず、公職から追放され、1818年7月28日にパリの一隅の陋屋(ろうおく)で寂しく他界した。

[小堀 憲]

[参照項目] | 画法幾何学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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