Molina, Mario

Japanese: モリナ(英語表記)Molina, Mario
Molina, Mario
Born: March 19, 1943, Mexico City, Mexico
[Died]2020.10.7. Mexico City, Mexico Mario Molina. Mexican-born American chemist. Full name Mario José Molina. In the 1970s, he conducted research on the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from dangerous solar radiation, and in 1995, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (→Nobel Prize) along with F. Sherwood Rowland and Paul Crutzen. Together with Rowland, he discovered that industrially produced gases destroy the ozone layer, and at the end of the 20th century, he launched an international movement to limit the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (→Ozone Layer Destruction). After graduating from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1965, he obtained an advanced degree from the University of Freiburg in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1967, and returned to his alma mater as an associate professor from 1967 to 1968. He then studied at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States, and obtained his doctorate in 1972. After working there for a year, he joined Rowland at the University of California, Irvine. The two men investigated pollutants in the atmosphere and discovered that chlorofluorocarbons that rise into the stratosphere are broken down by ultraviolet light into chlorine, fluorine, and carbon, and that one chlorine atom destroys and inactivates approximately 100,000 ozone molecules. Their findings were published in the British scientific journal Nature in 1974, sparking a great deal of debate. In the mid-1980s, an ozone hole was discovered over Antarctica, proving their theory. From 1982 to 1989, he worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and from 1989 to 2004, he was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 2004, he transferred to the University of California, San Diego. In 2013, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Molina
Molina, Luis de

Born: September 1535, Cuenca
Died October 12, 1600. Madrid, Spain. Spanish theologian. Joined the Society of Jesus in 1553, studied philosophy and theology in Coimbra and Evora from 1554 to 1563, and taught philosophy in Coimbra from 1563 to 1567 and theology in Evora from 1568 to 1583. In his main work, Concordia liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis (1588-89), he advocated the theological theory that later gave rise to the Grace Controversy (→ Molinism).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1943.3.19. メキシコ,メキシコシティー
[没]2020.10.7. メキシコ,メキシコシティー
マリオ・モリナ。メキシコ生まれのアメリカ合衆国の化学者。フルネーム Mario José Molina。危険な太陽放射から地球を守るオゾン層に関する研究を 1970年代に行ない,1995年 F.シャーウッド・ローランド,ポール・クルッツェンとともにノーベル化学賞(→ノーベル賞)を受賞した。またローランドとともに,工業的に生産されたガスがオゾン層を破壊することを発見,20世紀終わりにクロロフルオロカーボン CFC(通称フロン) の使用制限を求める国際的な運動を展開した(→オゾン層の破壊)。1965年メキシコ国立自治大学を卒業後,1967年ドイツ連邦共和国(西ドイツ)のフライブルク大学で上級学位を取得,母校に戻り 1967~68年准教授を務めた。その後,アメリカのカリフォルニア大学バークリー校で学び,1972年に博士号を取得。そこで 1年間勤務したのち,カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校のローランドと合流した。二人は大気中の汚染物質を調査し,成層圏まで上昇したフロンガスが紫外線によって塩素,フッ素,炭素に分解され,1個の塩素原子が約 10万個のオゾン分子を破壊し,不活性化することを明らかにした。その内容は 1974年にイギリスの科学誌『ネイチャー』に発表され,大きな議論を巻き起こした。1980年代半ばには,南極大陸上空にオゾンホールが発見され,彼らの学説が立証された。1982~89年パサディナにあるカリフォルニア工科大学のジェット推進研究所 JPLに勤務,1989~2004年マサチューセッツ工科大学 MIT教授。2004年カリフォルニア大学サンディエゴ校に移籍。2013年大統領自由勲章受章。

モリナ
Molina, Luis de

[生]1535.9. クエンカ
[没]1600.10.12. マドリード
スペインの神学者。 1553年イエズス会に入り,54~63年コインブラとエボラで哲学と神学を学び,63~67年コインブラで哲学を,68~83年エボラで神学を教えた。主著『自由意志の神与の恩恵との協力』 Concordia liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis (1588~89) で,のちに恩恵論争を起した神学説 (→モリニズム ) を唱えた。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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