Myrrh - myrrh (English spelling)

Japanese: 没薬 - もつやく(英語表記)myrrh
Myrrh - myrrh (English spelling)

Also called myrrh. A gum resin collected from woody plants of the Commiphora genus in the Burseraceae family (APG classification: Burseraceae). It was used in ancient Egypt as a fragrance and a preservative for mummification, and is also described in the Bible as a valuable commodity. This plant is distributed in the rocky, dry areas of northeastern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India, and includes about 100 species. It is 3 to 10 meters tall, has gray-white bark, short branches that later become long spines, has compound leaves with three small leaflets, and is dioecious. It forms a yellowish-white oily gum resin in the bark and the separate secretory cavity of the pith of the trunk, and when the bark is damaged by wind or other factors, it oozes out and dries into a hard, yellowish-brown or reddish-brown lump. It is composed of 3-10% essential oil, 25-45% resin, 50-60% gum, 5% water, and 3-4% other components, and has astringent and analgesic effects, so it is applied externally to treat swelling, wounds, bruises, hemorrhoids, and muscle pain, used as a mouthwash for gingivitis and pharyngitis, and is also sometimes added to toothpaste.

The best quality helleborium myrrh (Somali myrrh) is obtained from C. myrrha (Ness) Engl. ( C. molmol Engl.) found in Somalia and the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Arabian myrrh is obtained from C. habessinica (O.Berg) Engl. (C. abyssinica <Berg.> Engl.) and C. schimperi (Berg.) Engl. found in the highlands of Ethiopia, Somalia, and Yemen, while bisaborium myrrh is obtained from C. erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engl. var glabrescens Engl. found in Somalia and eastern Ethiopia. The so-called flower myrrh is a secretion from the lac bug that parasitizes the branches of various plants in Southeast Asia, and is a different substance.

[Motoo Nagasawa September 17, 2020]

[Reference] | Mummy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ミルラともいう。カンラン科(APG分類:カンラン科)Burseraceaeコミフォラ属Commiphoraの木本植物からとれるゴム樹脂を集めたもの。古代エジプトで薫香料、ミイラ製造時の防腐剤に用いられ、聖書にも貴重な品物として記述されている。この植物はアフリカ北東部、アラビア半島、インドの岩石の多い乾燥地帯に分布し、約100種を含む。高さ3~10メートル、樹皮は灰白色、短い枝はのちに長刺になり、小さな3小葉からなる複葉をもち、雌雄異株。幹の皮部と髄の離生分泌腔(こう)に黄白色の油性ゴム樹脂を形成し、風害などにより皮部に損傷を生ずると外部に滲出(しんしゅつ)し、乾燥して黄褐色ないし赤褐色の堅い塊となる。精油3~10%、樹脂25~45%、ゴム質50~60%、水分5%、その他3~4%からなり、収斂(しゅうれん)、鎮痛作用があるので、腫(は)れ物、外傷、打撲傷、痔漏(じろう)、筋肉痛の治療に外用し、歯齦(しぎん)炎、咽頭(いんとう)炎の含嗽(がんそう)料とし、歯みがき粉にも加えることがある。

 品質のもっともよいヘラボール・ミルラ(ソマリ・ミルラ)は、ソマリア、アラビア半島南部に分布するC. myrrha (Ness) Engl.(C. molmol Engl.)から得られる。アラビア・ミルラはエチオピア、ソマリア、イエメンの高地に分布するC. habessinica (O.Berg) Engl.(C. abyssinica 〈Berg.〉 Engl.)、C. schimperi (Berg.) Engl.から、ビサボール・ミルラはソマリア、エチオピア東部に分布するC. erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engl. var glabrescens Engl.から得る。なお花(はな)没薬と称するものは、東南アジアで各種植物の枝に寄生したラックカイガラムシの分泌物であり別物である。

[長沢元夫 2020年9月17日]

[参照項目] | ミイラ

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