Austrian composer. One of the greatest masters in the history of Western music. Born in Salzburg on January 27th, he left behind many masterpieces in his short life of just under 36 years, dying in Vienna on December 5th, 1791. His father, Johann Georg Leopold M. (1719-1787), was a violinist (later assistant conductor) in the court orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg, and was also active as a composer. His book "On Violin Playing", written in the year that his youngest son, Wolfgang, was born, is a classic document in the field. [Shigeo Osaki] Childhood and adolescence - until 1773Mozart, who was given a genius education by his father from an early age, is said to have written his first piece at the age of five. However, most of these early works have been passed down in the form of manuscripts written by his father, and the role his father played in them is only a matter of speculation. His father Leopold wanted his son to gain fame by exhibiting his work in front of people who were deeply interested in music, and at the same time, he gave him many stimulating experiences in the hope of fruitful development. His life was colored by repeated trips, often planned for such purposes. In total, these trips lasted for more than ten years, and it can be said that more than a quarter of his life was spent traveling. In particular, the successive trips he made up to the 1770s were a great opportunity to absorb the music that was developing independently in various parts of Europe at that time, and the ever-changing influence of these trips can be clearly traced in his works. However, it cannot be denied that the physical exhaustion he endured from his childhood was also a distant cause of his early death. In addition, the numerous letters exchanged with his family during these numerous journeys provide us with a wealth of information about his lifestyle and thinking, the circumstances surrounding the creation of his works, and the musical scene in the second half of the 18th century. The first trip was a 24-day trip to Munich around his sixth birthday, but no records remain of this trip. The next year, in June 1763 (age 7), he began a trip from Paris to London, which lasted for nearly three and a half years until November 1766 (age 10), and was the largest trip of his life. He visited important musical centers, performed at various courts, played the organ in churches, and composed along the way and in his temporary homes. After visiting various parts of Germany, including Munich, he arrived in Paris a little over five months after his departure, where he stayed for five months. Influenced by German composers such as Johann Schobert (c. 1735-1767), who was active in Paris, he composed a violin sonata, and the publication of this collection of works (1764, Paris) was his first publication. He then stayed in London for 15 months until July 1765, where he became particularly close with Johann Christian Bach (the youngest son of J.S. Bach) and his family. Through J.C. Bach, who had been in Milan, he learned the Italian style that led the music world at the time. The result of this was his first symphonies (six, two of which are lost; one, numbered K19a, was long lost but was rediscovered in 1981). He then spent about 15 months touring the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Germany, and returned to Salzburg with many gold-ringed watches, small boxes, and other items that had been given to him by aristocrats. He spent about nine months in his hometown, during which time he wrote his first plays, the religious drama Du der First Commandment and the Latin comedy Apollo and Hyacinthus, in early 1767. In September of the same year he left for Vienna, where he stayed for 15 months, during which time he composed the opera buffa La finta semplice (The Foolish Looker), the Singspiel Bastien and Bastienne, his first mass Mass Solemn in C minor (K47a), and six symphonies. He spent most of 1769 in his hometown, composing a Mass in C major (K66), other short sacred pieces, minuets for dancing, and serenades for orchestra, and in October he was appointed concertmaster at the archbishop's court in Salzburg. He left for his first trip to Italy in mid-December 1769, staying there for about 15 months. He made three trips to Italy in total, one for four months from August 1771 and another for four months from October 1772. In Italy he mainly wrote operas (Mitridate, King of Ponto, Ascanio in Alba, Lucio Scilla), eight symphonies, six string quartets, and the oratorio Veturia savoir vivre, all of which show a strong fresh influence of the Italian style. He spent about ten months at his home in Salzburg between his second and third trips to Italy, during which time Sigismund, Archbishop of Salzburg, Count Schrattenbach, who had always been generous to the frequent requests for leave that Mozart and his son had made, passed away and was succeeded by Hieronymus, Count of Colloredo. To celebrate his inauguration he wrote and performed a dramatic serenade, The Dream of Scipio, and also composed eight symphonies. [Shigeo Osaki] Youth: 1773–1781After returning from his third trip to Italy, he stayed in Salzburg for four months from March 1773, during which time he composed four symphonies, three serenades or divertimento, and a Mass in C major (K167). However, the father and son did not see any bright prospects for a musical life in the small town of Salzburg, where the archbishop was the center of everything, so from July of that year they visited Vienna for two months to look for employment. Although they were unsuccessful in finding employment, the trip served to fully absorb the new Viennese music (Haydn, Gassmann, etc.), and breathed fresh air into his compositions. The six string quartets (K168-173) clearly show this influence. He spent one year and two months in Salzburg, from the end of September 1773 to December 1774. Some of the works written during this period clearly show the transition from a child prodigy to a great composer. Examples include his first minor key symphony (No. 25 in G minor, October 1773) and his next symphony in A major (No. 29, April 1774). However, at the same time, the new archbishop's policies were clearly established around this time, which had a major impact on Mozart's creative work. As he was restricted from traveling and neglecting his duties, he spent more time in Salzburg, and as a result, he produced many works that were closely related to the musical life of the city. One of these was church music, and many so-called abbreviated masses (Missa brevis) were written due to the archbishop's desire to simplify worship music. On the other hand, he composed many light instrumental pieces and various concertos in the mid-1770s, which were closely related to the Salzburg academy and aristocracy. The only exception was when he went to Munich at the end of 1774 to compose an opera, The False Gardener. During his three-month stay, he tried to find employment there, but failed. The first six surviving piano sonatas were composed during this period. After submitting a petition, he was finally allowed to travel, and in September 1777, he and his mother set off on a trip from Mannheim to Paris. This trip, which lasted about 16 months, also had a great influence on the development of his musical style. This is evident in his piano sonata, violin sonata, flute concerto and quartet, and Symphony in D major (No. 31 "Paris"). However, he was unable to find a good job on this trip, and returned to Salzburg in January 1779. After returning home, he was employed as a court organist and continued to live a seemingly peaceful life as a court musician, but in November 1780, he was commissioned to write another opera, Idomeneo, King of Crete, and traveled to Munich to perform it, which became a decisive event in his life. His six-week vacation had already lasted four months, when he was summoned and reprimanded by the Archbishop, who was in Vienna at the time, and finally submitted his resignation in May 1781. After that, he was kicked around by the Archbishop's subordinates, and he ended up staying in Vienna as a free musician, unemployed. [Shigeo Osaki] The Viennese period - after 1781From the latter half of 1781 until his death, for ten and a half years, he lived the life of a modern musician, performing operas, appearing in various concerts, taking on students, publishing sheet music, etc. In August 1782, he married Constanze, the younger sister of the singer Aloysia Weber, with whom he had been in love during his time in Mannheim, despite his father's objections. It was during this period that he produced many of his greatest masterpieces. In the field of opera, he wrote works that are now established in opera houses around the world, such as "Abduction from the Seraglio" (1782), "The Marriage of Figaro" (1786), "Don Giovanni" (1787), "Cosi fan tutte" (1790), "The Magic Flute" (1791), and "La Clemenza di Titus" (1791). In the field of symphonies, he wrote six of the most popular symphonies after "No. 35", and ten string quartets, including the six quartets known as the "Haydn Set" (1782-1785). He was also freed from his duties as a church musician, so he wrote no music of this kind, except for the Mass in C minor and the Requiem, both of which were never completed, and a few small-scale religious works. In contrast, his 17 piano concertos are a good example of his life during this period. These facts show that self-organized concerts of his own compositions were an important means of supporting himself. In particular, the seven pieces after No. 20 in 1785 constituted the first historical peak in this field. He also reduced the genres of divertimento, serenade, and cassation that were closely related to the musical life of Salzburg, and instead wrote a large number of dance pieces to be danced, such as minuets, German dances, and contredanse. Responding to the musical demands of Vienna in this way was inevitable for a composer with no fixed income. Another notable event during his Vienna period was his joining the Freemasons, a secret society that was popular at the time (1784). This had a significant impact on his creations and thoughts, and he actually wrote a number of pieces of music for the organization. From the early to mid-1780s, his new life in Vienna went smoothly, and he did not leave Vienna except for a four-month trip to Salzburg to reunite with his father. However, from 1787, he made three trips to Prague, and short trips to Berlin and Frankfurt to earn money were prominent. This seems to reflect the beginning of a decline in his activities in Vienna. Around this time, he began to receive more letters requesting loans, suggesting that he was in financial difficulty, but his recorded income was surprisingly large, and the reason for his debts remains unclear to this day. From the autumn of 1791, his health gradually deteriorated, and he fell ill on November 20 and died on December 5. His funeral was held the next day at the Chapel of the Cross inside St. Stephen's Cathedral, but since no one stayed with him until the end, he was buried in a communal cemetery and his remains were lost. Currently, there is no remains buried in his grave at St. Marx Cemetery, but a monument to him stands alongside Beethoven at Vienna Central Cemetery. [Shigeo Osaki] Köchel NumberMozart left behind a great number of vocal and instrumental works, and it has become common to refer to them by their Köchel numbers (abbreviated as K or K.V). This originated from the "Catalogue of Mozart's Works" created in 1862 by Austrian botanist and music researcher Köchel. This catalogue, which numbers the works in chronological order, has been revised many times since then, and some pieces have been given double numbers, making it complicated, but due to advances in research, it is still necessary to revise it again today. [Shigeo Osaki] "Mozart: The Man and His Works" by Einstein, translated by Asai Masao (1961, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Mozart I: Life, II: Vocal, III: Instrumental" by Zoku Keisei (1975-1976, Ongaku No Tomosha)" ▽ "The Complete Works of Mozart" edited by Ebisawa Satoshi and E. Smith, 10 volumes and 1 supplementary volume (1976-1979, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" ▽ "The Complete Works of Mozart, translated by Ebisawa Satoshi and Takahashi Hideo, 6 volumes (1976-2001, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Mozart" by W. Hildesheimer, translated by Watanabe Ken (1979, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Mozart Series 17" by P. Nettl, translated by Ebisawa Satoshi and Kurihara Yukiyo Mozart and the Freemasons (1981, Ongaku No Tomosha) ▽ Mozart's Life by Ebisawa Satoshi (1984, Hakusuisha) ▽ Mozart's Opera by E.J. Dent, translated by Ishii Hiroshi and Kasuga Toru Michi (1985, Soshisha) ▽ Mozart, revised edition by Ebisawa Satoshi (1986, Ongaku No Tomosha) ▽ Inoue Kazuo, The trajectory of Mozart's heart -- his life told through string quartets (1987, Ongaku No Tomosha) ▽ The Complete Works of Mozart, 15 volumes and supplementary volume 1 by Ebisawa Satoshi et al. (1991-1993, Shogakukan) ▽ Listening to Mozart by Ebisawa Satoshi (Iwanami Shinsho) ▽ Mozart by Tanabe Hideki (Shincho Bunko) ▽ "Mozart's Letters" edited and translated by Jisaburo Shibata (Iwanami Bunko) [References] | | | | | | Flute[Chronology] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オーストリアの作曲家。西洋音楽の歴史が生んだ最大の大家の1人。1月27日、ザルツブルクに生まれ、1791年12月5日、ウィーンに没する36年にわずかに満たない短い生涯に、数多くの名曲を残した。父レオポルトJohann Georg Leopold M.(1719―1787)はザルツブルク大司教の宮廷楽団のバイオリン奏者(のち副楽長)で、作曲家としても活躍。また三男四女の末子ウォルフガング誕生の年に著した『バイオリン奏法』は、その分野の古典的文献である。 [大崎滋生] 幼・少年期―1773年まで幼少時から父親によって天才教育が施されたモーツァルトは、すでに5歳のとき最初の作品を書いたといわれる。しかし、こうした最初期の作品はほとんど父の書いた原稿の形で伝わっており、それらにおいて父親が果たした役割は推測の域を出ない。父レオポルトは息子を音楽に関心の深い人々の前で披露し、名声を得ようとし、また同時に、多くの刺激を息子に与えて、その実りの豊かな発展を期待した。たいていはこうした目的で企てられたたび重なる旅行が、彼の生涯を彩っている。延べ日数にするとその旅行は10年以上にも及び、生涯の4分の1以上が旅の間に過ぎていったといえる。ことに1770年代までに行われた相次ぐ旅行は、当時ヨーロッパの各地でそれぞれ独自に展開していた音楽を吸収する絶好の機会となったし、その影響が刻々と変化するさまは、その作品にはっきりと跡づけることができる。しかしもちろん、こうした少年時代からの肉体的な消耗が、早逝の遠因をつくったことも否めないであろう。また、こうした数多い旅の間に家族と取り交わしたおびただしい手紙が、彼の生活ぶりや考え方、作品成立の事情、また18世紀後半の音楽情況などをよく伝えてくれる。 6歳の誕生日の前後に行ったミュンヘンへの24日間の旅行が最初のものであったが、このときに関してだけ記録が残っていない。翌1763年6月(7歳)に開始されたパリ―ロンドン旅行は、1766年11月(10歳)までの3年半近くにも及び、生涯で最大の旅行であった。音楽の重要な中心地を巡りながら、各地の宮廷で演奏し、教会でオルガンを弾き、道中や仮住まいの家で作曲をする、という旅であった。ミュンヘンをはじめとするドイツ各地を経て、出発から5か月すこしたってパリに到着、5か月滞在する。同地で活躍するショーベルトJohann Schobert(1735ころ―1767)らドイツ人作曲家たちの影響を受け、バイオリン・ソナタを作曲、この作品集の刊行(1764・パリ)が彼の最初の出版となる。続いて1765年7月までロンドンに15か月滞在するが、とくにここではヨハン・クリスチャン・バッハ(J・S・バッハの末子)と一家をあげて親しくつきあった。こうして、かつてミラノにいたJ・C・バッハを通じて、当時の音楽界をリードしていたイタリア様式を学んだ。その成果が初めての交響曲創作(6曲、うち2曲は消失。K19aと番号をつけられた1曲は長らく失われていたが、1981年に再発見された)として現れている。その後約15か月をかけてオランダ、ベルギー、フランス、ドイツ各地を巡って、ザルツブルクに戻ったときは貴族から贈られた多くの金輪時計、小箱などを手にしていた。 約9か月を故郷に過ごすが、その間の1767年初めには最初の劇作品である宗教劇『第一戒律の責務』、ラテン語喜劇『アポロンとヒアキントス』が書かれた。同年9月ウィーンへ出発、15か月滞在。その間にオペラ・ブッファ『ラ・フィンタ・センプリーチェ(みてくれのばか娘)』、ジングシュピール『バスティアンとバスティエンヌ』、最初のミサ曲『荘厳ミサ曲ハ短調』(K47a)、6曲の交響曲などを作曲した。1769年はほとんど故郷で過ごし、ミサ曲ハ長調(K66)、その他短い宗教音楽、実際踊られるためのメヌエット集、オーケストラのためのセレナーデなどを作曲、10月にザルツブルクの大司教宮廷のコンサートマスターに任命された。 1769年12月中旬に初めてのイタリア旅行に出発、約15か月滞在。イタリアにはその後1771年8月から4か月、1772年10月から4か月と、計3回旅行している。イタリアでは主としてオペラ(『ポントの王ミトリダーテ』『アルバのアスカニオ』『ルチオ・シッラ』)、8曲の交響曲、6曲の弦楽四重奏曲、オラトリオ『救われしベトゥーリア』などを書いたが、いずれもイタリア様式の新鮮な影響が濃く映し出されている。第2回と第3回イタリア旅行の間約10か月ほどザルツブルクの自宅で過ごしたが、この間に、これまでモーツァルト父子がたびたび提出する休暇願につねに寛大であったザルツブルクの大司教シュラッテンバッハ伯ジギスムントが世を去り、後任はコロレド伯ヒエロニムスとなった。その就任祝いのために劇的セレナータ『スキピオの夢』を書いて上演するかたわら、8曲の交響曲を作曲している。 [大崎滋生] 青年期―1773年から1781年まで第3回イタリア旅行から戻って1773年3月から4か月ザルツブルクに落ち着いていた間には、4曲の交響曲、3曲のセレナーデないしディベルティメント、ミサ曲ハ長調(K167)を作曲。しかし、ザルツブルクという小さな町の、大司教を中心とした音楽生活に明るい見通しをもたなかった父子は、同年7月から2か月間ウィーンを訪れ、就職口を探した。就職の面ではよい成果が得られなかったものの、この旅行は新しいウィーンの音楽(ハイドン、ガスマンら)を十分に吸収する役目を果たし、彼の作品に新風が吹き込まれた。そうした影響をよく示すものに6曲の弦楽四重奏曲(K168~173)がある。 1773年9月末から翌1774年12月までの1年2か月をザルツブルクで送るが、この時期に書かれたいくつかの作品は、神童から大作曲家への転換がおこりつつあることをよく示している。初めての短調交響曲(ト短調・第25番。1773.10)や次のイ長調の交響曲(第29番。1774.4)などがその例である。しかし同時に、このころから新大司教の政策がはっきりと打ち出されるようになり、モーツァルトの創作活動にも大きな影響を及ぼすことになる。旅に出て職務をなおざりにすることは制限されるようになったから、ザルツブルクでより多くの時間を使うことになり、いきおい、同地の音楽生活と密着した作品が数多く生み出されるようになった。その一つは教会音楽であり、しかも礼拝音楽の簡素化を求めた大司教の意向によって、いわゆる略式ミサ(ミサ・ブレビス)が多く書かれた。一方、ザルツブルクの大学や貴族とかかわりの深い、軽い器楽曲や各種の協奏曲などもこの1770年代中盤に多く作曲された。唯一の例外は、オペラ作曲の依頼を受け、『偽りの女庭師』上演のために1774年暮れにミュンヘンに行ったことである。その3か月の滞在中に当地での就職の可能性を探るが失敗。現存する最初の6曲のピアノ・ソナタはこの時期に成立している。 請願書を出してようやく彼だけが旅行を認められ、1777年9月、母親と2人でマンハイム―パリ旅行へ出発する。約16か月に及ぶこの旅行も、彼の音楽様式の発展に大きな影響を与えた。ピアノ・ソナタ、バイオリン・ソナタ、フルートのための協奏曲や四重奏曲、交響曲ニ長調(「パリ」第31番)などにそれはよく現れているが、この旅行でも目的としたよい就職口はみつからず、結局1779年1月にザルツブルクに戻った。帰郷後、宮廷オルガニストの職を得た彼には、一見平穏な宮廷音楽家としての日々が続くが、1780年11月にミュンヘンからふたたびオペラ『クレタの王イドメネオ』の依頼を受け、その上演のため赴いた旅行は、彼の生涯において決定的なものとなった。6週間の予定の休暇がすでに4か月にもなって、当時首都ウィーンに滞在中であった大司教に呼びつけられて叱責(しっせき)を受けたことをきっかけに、ついに1781年5月に辞表を提出した。その後、大司教の部下に足蹴(あしげ)にされる事件も起こり、そのまま、だれにも雇われない自由な音楽家として、ウィーンに居着いてしまった。 [大崎滋生] ウィーン時代―1781年以後1781年後半から生涯を閉じるまでの10年半の月日は、オペラを上演し、各種の演奏会に出演し、弟子をとり、楽譜を出版するなどして生計をたててゆくという、近代的な音楽家の生活を実践したのである。また1782年8月には、マンハイム時代に恋愛関係にあった歌手アロイジア・ウェーバーの妹コンスタンツェと、父の反対を押し切って結婚している。しかもこの時期には、彼の創作を代表する数々の傑作が生み出されている。オペラの分野では『後宮からの逃走』(1782)、『フィガロの結婚』(1786)、『ドン・ジョバンニ』(1787)、『コシ・ファン・トゥッテ』(1790)、『魔笛』(1791)、『ティトゥス帝の慈悲』(1791)などの、今日世界中のオペラ劇場の演目として定着している諸作品が書かれ、交響曲の分野でも「第35番」以後のもっともポピュラーな6曲、弦楽四重奏曲では「ハイドン・セット」とよばれる6曲(1782~1785)を含む、いずれも質の高い10曲が書かれた。また教会音楽家としての職務からも解放されたので、いずれも未完に終わったミサ曲ハ短調とレクイエム、そして数少ない小規模な宗教音楽を除けば、この種の音楽は書かれなかった。それとは対照的に、この時代の彼の生活をよく示しているのが、17曲に及ぶピアノ協奏曲である。これらは、自ら主催する自作自演の演奏会が自活のための重要な手段であったことを物語っている。とくに1785年の「第20番」以後の7曲は、この分野における歴史上最初の頂点を形成している。またザルツブルクの音楽生活と関係の深かったディベルティメント、セレナーデ、カッサシオンといったジャンルは減り、かわってメヌエット、ドイツ舞曲、コントルダンスといった、実際に踊られるためのおびただしい舞曲が書かれた。ウィーンの音楽要求にこうした形でこたえることは、定収のない作曲家としてはやむをえないことであった。ウィーン時代のその他の際だった事件としては、当時流行していた秘密結社フリーメーソンへの加入(1784)があげられる。これは彼の創作や思想に少なからぬ影響をもったし、実際にこの団体のために音楽をいくつも書いている。 1780年代の前半から中盤にかけて、ウィーンでの新しい生活も順調に運び、父との再会のため約4か月ザルツブルクに旅行した以外にはウィーンを離れなかったが、1787年から、3度にわたるプラハ旅行、ベルリンおよびフランクフルト訪問といった短期間の出稼ぎ旅行が目だっている。これは、ウィーンでの活動に陰りがみえ始めたことを反映していると思われる。このころから借金申込みの手紙も多くなり、経済的に逼迫(ひっぱく)していったことがうかがわれるが、記録に残されている彼の収入は驚くほど多く、今日も借財の理由は明らかになっていない。そして1791年の秋から健康がしだいに衰え、11月20日病床に伏し、12月5日、息を引き取った。葬儀は翌日、シュテファン大聖堂内部の十字架小聖堂で行われたが、最後まで遺体に付き添った者がいなかったため、共同墓地に埋葬され、遺骸(いがい)は行方不明となった。現在、聖マルクス墓地にある墓には遺骨は埋められておらず、ウィーン中央墓地にもベートーベンと並んで記念碑が立てられている。 [大崎滋生] ケッヘル番号モーツァルトの残した作品は声楽、器楽にわたりきわめて多く、これをケッヘル番号(KとかK・Vと略記)でよぶことが一般化している。これは1862年にオーストリアの植物学者・音楽研究家のケッヘルが作成した『モーツァルト作品目録』に端を発している。作曲年代順に通し番号をつけたこのカタログは、その後何度もの改訂を受け、曲によっては二重番号が付されて煩雑なものになっているが、研究の進展により、今日なお再度の改訂が必要である。 [大崎滋生] 『アインシュタイン著、浅井真男訳『モーツァルト――その人間と作品』(1961・白水社)』▽『属啓成著『モーツァルト Ⅰ生涯篇、Ⅱ声楽編、Ⅲ器楽編』(1975~1976・音楽之友社)』▽『海老沢敏、E・スミス編『モーツァルト大全集』10巻・別巻1(1976~1979・中央公論社)』▽『海老沢敏・高橋英郎訳『モーツァルト書簡全集』全6巻(1976~2001・白水社)』▽『W・ヒルデスハイマー著、渡辺健訳『モーツァルト』(1979・白水社)』▽『P・ネットゥル著、海老沢敏・栗原雪代訳『モーツァルト叢書17 モーツァルトとフリーメイスン結社』(1981・音楽之友社)』▽『海老沢敏著『モーツァルトの生涯』(1984・白水社)』▽『E・J・デント著、石井宏・春日透道訳『モーツァルトのオペラ』(1985・草思社)』▽『海老沢敏著『モーツァルト』改訂版(1986・音楽之友社)』▽『井上和雄著『モーツァルト心の軌跡――弦楽四重奏が語るその生涯』(1987・音楽之友社)』▽『海老沢敏他著『モーツァルト全集』15巻・別巻1(1991~1993・小学館)』▽『海老沢敏著『モーツァルトを聴く』(岩波新書)』▽『田辺秀樹著『モーツァルト』(新潮文庫)』▽『柴田治三郎編訳『モーツァルトの手紙』(岩波文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | [年表] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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