Kabuki

Japanese: 歌舞伎 - かぶき

A form of theater that was established in the culture of the common people during the Edo period. Along with Noh and Bunraku puppet theater, it is considered one of the three great classical forms of Japanese theater. Its predecessor was the kabuki dance that was started by Okuni of Izumo in Kyoto around 1600. Kabuki means novel or unusual behavior, and the character kabuki was used after the Meiji period. Before that, it was sometimes written as kabuki geisha. Kabuki dance gained explosive popularity, and was imitated by courtesans from all over the country, leading to the rise of female kabuki, but it was banned in 1629 for the reason that it was disruptive to public morals. Instead, wakashu kabuki, which was performed by beautiful young boys with bangs, became popular, but this was also banned in 1652 for the same reason, and was later allowed to be performed as yaro kabuki, which was based on art and scriptwriting. After the Genroku period, when townspeople culture flourished, kabuki rapidly grew into a full-fledged form of theater thanks to the emergence of great writers and actors. By incorporating scripts and performances from Bunraku puppet theatre, the content and style of the play became richer, and dance dramas developed along with theater music such as Nagauta, Tokiwazu-bushi, and Kiyomoto-bushi. As the plays became more complex, various stage mechanisms developed, and the play underwent a variety of developments. After the Meiji Restoration, it was influenced by the rapid import of foreign culture, and was stimulated by various new forms of theater, including the rise of Shinpa-geki and Shingeki, and various reforms and revivals were attempted, but the majority gradually became classical and have continued to exist to this day. Due to its long history, it has many elements as a play, but it is a performing art that is generally characterized by its high stylization, due to reasons such as its origins as dance, its close relationship with Bunraku puppet theatre, and the fact that female actors were used in the play after the ban on actresses. In 2005, it was registered on the UNESCO list of "Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity."
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

江戸時代の庶民文化のもとに成立した演劇。能・人形浄瑠璃とともに日本の三大古典劇とされる。1600年ごろ京都で出雲のお国が始めた〈かぶき踊〉が前身。〈かぶき〉とは新奇・異様な行動の意で，〈歌舞伎〉は明治以後に当てられた字。それ以前には〈歌舞妓〉と書かれたこともある。爆発的な人気を呼んだかぶき踊は，諸国の遊女たちに模倣されて女歌舞伎の隆盛を招いたが，風紀を乱すとの理由で1629年に禁止。代わって前髪の美少年ばかりによる若衆(わかしゅ)歌舞伎が盛んになったが，これも同じ理由によって1652年に禁止され，その後は技芸と脚本本位の野郎(やろう)歌舞伎として興行を許された。町人文化の興隆期となった元禄時代以後は，名作者・名優の輩出により本格的な演劇として急速に成長。人形浄瑠璃の台本・演出を取り入れて，内容と様式が豊富になり，長唄・常磐津節・清元節などの劇場音楽とともに舞踊劇が進歩し，戯曲の複雑化につれて各種の舞台機構が発達するなど，多彩な発展をとげた。維新後は，急激に輸入された外国文化の影響を受け，また新派劇・新劇の勃興(ぼっこう)をはじめ各種の新しい演劇に刺激され，いろいろな改革や復興が試みられたが，大勢は次第に古典化して今日に及んでいる。歴史が長いだけに，演劇として非常に多くの要素をもつが，もともと舞踊から出発し，人形浄瑠璃とも密接な関係をもち，また女優の禁止に伴う女方(おんながた)の出演などの理由により，総じて様式性の高い点が特色とされる舞台芸術である。2005年ユネスコの〈人類の口承及び無形遺産に関する傑作の宣言〉リストに登録された。
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