Mesta - Mesta (English spelling)

Japanese: メスタ - めすた(英語表記)Mesta
Mesta - Mesta (English spelling)

A privileged sheepherders' guild in the Middle Ages and early modern times in Spain. Transhumance in Spain had been practiced since ancient times, but it became more widespread with the progress of the Reconquista. In 1273, Alfonso X authorized the establishment of the Castilian Sheepherders' Council, and the Mestas were established throughout Castile. Flocks of sheep (approximately 1,000 head) traveled south in autumn along the three major migration routes, spent the winter in Andalusia, and then traveled north the following year to be sheared in the old Castile region. Wool was traded in Medina del Campo and exported to France and Flanders from ports on the Cantabrian Sea (Bay of Biscay). The Mestas were organized by owners of large flocks of sheep, such as nobles, churches, and knights, and received privileges from the royal family in terms of the security of sheep migration routes and the use of common land. On the other hand, they provided a great deal of financial support to the royal family, forming the economic foundation of Spanish absolutism, and were also called the "pillars of the kingdom." The peak was during the reign of Charles I in the early to mid-16th century, when the number of sheep numbered 3 million. However, the sheep flocks passed through the peasants' cultivated land and put a strain on agricultural production, and when Charles I's "European Empire" spanning Spain and Germany collapsed and the wool market shrank due to a price revolution, the royal family gradually increased the levies on the mestas after Philip II and began to restrict them. Later, when the direction of expanding agricultural production was set in the mid-18th century, the mestas' privileges were further restricted, and in 1836 the mestas were dissolved.

[Yasuhiro Fukazawa]

[References] | Alfonso (X) | Price Revolution | Castile | Philip (II) | Reconquista

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スペインの中世および近世の特権的牧羊業者組合。スペインの移動牧羊(いどうぼくよう)transhumanceは古代から行われていたが、レコンキスタ(国土回復戦争)の進展に伴って大規模化し、1273年、アルフォンソ10世がカスティーリャ牧羊組合会議の設立を許可したことによって、カスティーリャ全体にわたるメスタが成立した。羊群(ほぼ1000頭単位)は三大移動路を通って秋に南下し、アンダルシア地域で越冬したのち翌年北上し、旧カスティーリャ地域で剪毛(せんもう)された。羊毛はメディーナ・デル・カンポで取引され、カンタブリア海(ビスケー湾)諸港からフランスやフランドルに輸出された。メスタは、貴族、教会、騎士団などの大羊群所有者によって組織され、王室から羊群の移動路の保障、共有地の利用について特権を得た。他方、王室には多大の財政的援助を行ってスペイン絶対主義の経済的基礎を構成し、「王国の支柱」ともいわれた。最盛期は16世紀前半から中葉のカルロス1世の時期で、羊は300万頭を数えた。しかし、羊群は農民の耕作地を通過して農業生産を圧迫したうえ、カルロス1世のスペイン、ドイツにまたがる「ヨーロッパ帝国」が崩壊し、また価格革命によって羊毛市場が縮小すると、王室はフェリペ2世以後メスタに対する賦課金をしだいに増加させ、メスタ制限策に転じた。その後18世紀中葉から農業生産拡大の方向が打ち出されると、その諸特権はさらに制限され、1836年にメスタは解散した。

[深澤安博]

[参照項目] | アルフォンソ(10世) | 価格革命 | カスティーリャ | フェリペ(2世) | レコンキスタ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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