Maser

Japanese: メーザー
Maser
A device that amplifies and oscillates microwaves by utilizing stimulated emission in the interaction between matter and electromagnetic waves. Maser is an acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. In a normal material in thermal equilibrium, there are many atoms and molecules in a low energy level, so even if microwaves are irradiated, they are simply absorbed. However, if a material has many atoms and molecules in a high energy level, irradiating it with microwaves causes more stimulated emission than absorption, and the microwaves are amplified by obtaining the internal energy of the atoms and molecules. If the amplification system is placed inside a resonator and a portion of the output is fed back to the resonator, it can be made to oscillate. Masers are characterized by coherent amplification, with the input and output waves having the same frequency and phase, and they also have little frequency fluctuation or internal noise. Masers are divided into gas masers and solid-state masers depending on the material. The former is also called atomic beam (molecular beam) maser, in which gas atoms or molecules are ejected in a high vacuum in the form of a beam, and atoms (molecules) at a high energy level are focused by a focusing device and guided to a cavity resonator. Hydrogen atoms, ammonia molecules, etc. are used, and since a stable oscillation of frequency can be obtained, it is used in frequency standards and atomic clocks. The latter uses the magnetic resonance of paramagnetic crystals, and when an external magnetic field is applied, four types of energy levels appear in the crystal, from which the appropriate energy level is selected and used for the maser. Artificial ruby, rutile, etc. are used, and they are kept at extremely low temperatures to increase efficiency. It is excellent as a low-noise microwave amplifier, and is used in radio astronomy, satellite communications, and ultra-long-distance radar. →Laser→Related topics Gas maser | Townes | Prokhorov | Quantum electronics

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:
物質と電磁波との相互作用における誘導放出を利用してマイクロ波の増幅,発振を行わせる装置。メーザーmaserはmicrowave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation(誘導放出によるマイクロ波増幅)の頭文字をとったもの。通常の熱平衡状態にある物質では,低いエネルギー準位にある原子や分子が多いので,マイクロ波を照射しても吸収されるだけだが,適当な方法で高いエネルギー準位にある原子や分子を多くした物質では,マイクロ波を照射すると吸収よりも誘導放出が多くなり,原子や分子の内部エネルギーを得てマイクロ波は増幅される。増幅系を共振器の中に置き,出力の一部を共振器にフィードバックしてやると発振させることができる。メーザーでは入力波と出力波の周波数,位相が同じでコヒーレント(可干渉的)な増幅が特徴で,周波数変動や内部雑音も少ない。材料により気体メーザー(ガスメーザー)と固体メーザーに分かれる。前者は高真空中に気体原子または気体分子をビーム状に噴出させ,高いエネルギー準位にある原子(分子)を集束器によって集束し,空洞共振器へ導くもので,原子線(分子線)メーザーともいう。水素原子,アンモニア分子などが使われ,周波数の安定した発振が得られるので周波数標準,原子時計などに応用される。後者は常磁性結晶の磁気共鳴を利用し,外部磁場をかけると結晶中に4種のエネルギー準位が現れるので,そのうちの適当なエネルギー準位を選んでメーザーに用いる。人工ルビー,ルチル(金紅石)などが用いられ,効率を上げるため極低温にする。低雑音マイクロ波増幅器としてすぐれ,電波天文学,人工衛星による通信,超遠距離レーダーなどに応用される。→レーザー
→関連項目ガスメーザー|タウンズ|プロホロフ|量子エレクトロニクス

出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報

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