It is one of the glandular endocrine organs found in insects. It is called this because it is often located in the prothorax of insects, but in dragonflies and grasshoppers it is called the ventral gland because it is located on the ventral side of the head, in hemipterans such as stink bugs it is called the thymus because it is located posterior to the prothorax, and in dipterans such as flies it is called the ring gland (also called the Weissmann ring, both sides of which are homologous to the prothoracic gland). In lepidopterans such as butterflies and moths, the typical prothoracic gland is attached to the tracheal plexus inside the left and right prothoracic spiracles, and has a long, narrow triangular shape with one end extending to the head. The prothoracic gland is a group of large cells with dendritic nuclei, and is translucent when alive. It develops from a pair of cell masses that invaginate on the left and right sides of the posterior part of the head during embryogenesis, and functions as an endocrine gland from the larval stage to the early pupal stage. In insects other than those that are non-metamorphic, such as silverfish, it degenerates during the pupal stage and is no longer seen in adults. The existence of the prothoracic gland was described by P. Lyonet as early as 1762, but the details of its function have only been elucidated quite recently. The prothoracic gland is stimulated by brain hormones secreted from neurosecretory cells in the brain and secretes prothoracic hormones. Prothoracic hormones work in cooperation with corpus allata hormones during the larval stage to induce larval molting, but in the final larval stage, they induce pupation in the absence of corpus allata hormones. They also act on the pupa to induce adulthood. Because of their role in accelerating development, prothoracic hormones are also called molting hormones, pupation hormones, metamorphosis hormones, or metamorphosis-promoting hormones. In 1954, Butenandt and Karlson extracted and purified 0.25 milligrams of prothoracic hormone from 500 kilograms of male silkworm pupae. In 1965, its chemical structure was revealed and it was named ecdysone. Experiments using this purified hormone revealed that the genetic information released from the cell nuclei is switched during insect metamorphosis. Research is currently being conducted into the pathway by which ecdysone, a steroid compound, is synthesized, as well as the precise mechanisms by which it acts on cells. [Shigeo Takeuchi] [Reference] |©Shogakukan "> Location of the corpus allata Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
昆虫がもつ腺性の内分泌器官の一つをいう。昆虫の前胸部にあることが多いためこの名が使われるが、トンボ、バッタでは頭部の腹側にあるので腹面腺、カメムシなど半翅(はんし)類では前胸より後方にあるため胸腺、ハエなど双翅類では環状腺(ワイスマン環ともいい、両側部が前胸腺と相同)ともよばれることがある。チョウやガなど鱗翅(りんし)類での典型的な前胸腺は、左右の前胸気門の内側の気管叢(そう)にそれぞれ付着し、一端が頭部へ伸びる細長い三角形をしている。 前胸腺は樹状核をもつ大形の細胞の集団で、生きている状態では半透明である。胚(はい)発生期に頭部最後部の左右で陥入する一対の細胞塊から発生し、幼虫期から蛹(よう)期前期まで内分泌腺として働く。シミなど無変態の昆虫以外では蛹期間中に退化し、成虫ではみられなくなる。前胸腺の存在は、すでに1762年にはリオネP. Lyonetによって記載されていたが、その機能の詳細がわかったのはごく最近のことである。 前胸腺は、脳の神経分泌細胞から分泌される脳ホルモンにより刺激され、前胸腺ホルモンを分泌する。前胸腺ホルモンは幼虫期にはアラタ体ホルモンと協同して働き幼虫脱皮を引き起こすが、最終幼虫期でアラタ体ホルモンが欠如した状態で蛹化を引き起こす。さらに、蛹(さなぎ)に働いて成虫化をおこさせる。このような発生を前進させる働きのため、前胸腺ホルモンは脱皮ホルモン、蛹化ホルモン、あるいは変態ホルモン、変態促進ホルモンともよばれている。1954年にブーテナントA. ButenandtとカールゾンP. Karlsonにより、500キログラムの雄蚕の蛹から0.25ミリグラムの前胸腺ホルモンが抽出・純化された。1965年その化学構造が明らかにされ、エクジソンと命名された。この純化されたホルモンを用いた実験により、昆虫が変態する際、細胞の核から出される遺伝情報が切り替えられることが明らかにされている。ステロイド化合物であるこのエクジソンの合成の経路、あるいは細胞に働きかけるときの細かな機構などについて研究が進められている。 [竹内重夫] [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> アラタ体の位置 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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