Joseph von Fraunhofer

Japanese: フラウンホーファー - ふらうんほーふぁー(英語表記)Joseph von Fraunhofer
Joseph von Fraunhofer

German physicist. Born in Straubing, Bavaria, to a poor glassmaker, he helped polish glass from an early age. In 1798 he lost his parents and became an apprentice at a mirror factory in Munich, where he was discovered by Josef Niggl and Joseph von Utzschneider (1763-1840), who founded the optical research institute for him in 1806. Fraunhofer, who was already skilled in glass polishing, learned the technique of melting optical glass under the guidance of Swiss glass researcher Pierre Louis Guinand (1748-1824), and from 1811 he directed the institute, contributing to the production of precision optical devices.

He made it possible to produce optical glass without striae, and was the first to apply the triangulation method to lens calculations. In addition, while measuring the refractive index of glass for specific colors in order to produce highly accurate achromatic lenses, he discovered bright lines in the spectrum of a kerosene lamp. In 1814, he discovered dark lines (Fraunhofer lines) in the solar spectrum, suggesting that the dark lines could be used as a standard for measuring refractive index and wavelength. He later produced a diffraction grating, actually measured wavelengths, and published papers on the subject in 1821 and 1823. In the debate at the time over the particle theory and wave theory of light, his achievements were not noticed, and were carried over until the time of Bunsen and Kirchhoff. As a skilled optical instrument maker, he produced refracting telescopes and solar instruments for astronomical observatories. He died at the age of 39 from respiratory problems caused by glassblowing.

[Tomoko Takahashi]

[References] | Achromatic lenses | Diffraction gratings | Kirchhoff | Optical glass | Fraunhofer lines | Bunsen

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの物理学者。バイエルンのシュトラウビングに貧しいガラス職人の子として生まれ、幼少のころからガラス磨きを手伝った。1798年両親を失い、ミュンヘンの鏡製造工場に年季奉公に出たが、ニグルJosef NigglとウチュナイダーJoseph von Utzschneider(1763―1840)にみいだされ、1806年彼らが創設した光学研究所に職人として入った。すでにガラス研摩に熟練していたフラウンホーファーは、スイスのガラス研究家ギナンPierre Louis Guinand(1748―1824)の指導で光学ガラス溶融の技術を習得し、1811年以降は研究所の指導にあたり、精密な光学装置の製作に貢献した。

 脈理のない光学ガラスの製作を可能にし、レンズ計算に初めて三角追跡法を適用した。また精度の高い色消しレンズ製作のために、特定の色に対するガラスの屈折率を測定中、灯油ランプのスペクトルに輝線を発見した。1814年には太陽スペクトル中に暗線(フラウンホーファー線)を発見し、暗線が屈折率や波長測定の基準に使えることを示唆した。のちに回折格子を製作し、実際に波長の測定を行い、1821年と1823年に論文を発表した。当時の光の粒子説・波動説の論争のなかでは、彼の業績は注目されず、ブンゼン、キルヒホッフの時代まで持ち越された。優れた光学機器製作者として、天文台の屈折望遠鏡や太陽観測儀の製作にあたった。ガラス吹きがもとで呼吸器障害をおこし、39歳で死去した。

[高橋智子]

[参照項目] | 色消しレンズ | 回折格子 | キルヒホッフ | 光学ガラス | フラウンホーファー線 | ブンゼン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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