The largest Berber dynasty (1130-1269) that ruled over North Africa west of Tunisia and southern Spain. In Spanish, it is called Almohade. When Ibn Toumaert, a Berber from the Anti-Atlas Mountains in Morocco, returned from his travels to the East, including Baghdad and Cairo, he started a religious and political movement (the Almohad movement) that focused on religious and moral reform and the overthrow of the Almoravid dynasty, and created a national organization (the Almohad hierarchy). After his death, one of his disciples, Abd al-Mu'min, was appointed his successor and founded a dynasty with Tin Mallar in the High Atlas Mountains as its capital. He sent an army to the Iberian Peninsula in 1145 and soon ruled the southern part of the peninsula. In 1147, he overthrew the Almoravid dynasty and moved the capital to Marrakech. Marrakech developed through caravan trade and handicrafts, and also flourished in learning and culture through the Caliph's encouragement of the arts and sciences and the invitation of scholars. Philosopher Ibn Tufayl (Abubaker) served as the court physician, and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) served as a judge in Seville and Cordoba, and also served as the court physician for a time. The magnificent Koutoubia Mosque in the capital is a culmination of the architectural techniques of this dynasty. The political structure of the country was an extension of the Almohad hierarchy, a political and military organization based on functions established by Ibn Toumart, in which the founding tribe, the Masmouda, ruled over other Berber tribes. The dynasty declined due to internal conflicts within the ruling class, the growing role of groups with less religious fervor than the Masmouda (Arabs, Zanatas, Turkish Ghuzu, black slave soldiers, etc.) and their rebellion, and the defeat at the Battle of Navas de Tolosa (1212) due to the strengthening of the Reconquista movement, and was destroyed by the Marinid dynasty in 1269. Under this dynasty, the Islamization of rural areas and the Arabization of Morocco progressed. There was also a remarkable development of Sufism. [Masatoshi Iiichi] [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
チュニジア以西の北アフリカとスペイン南部を支配したベルベル人最大の王朝(1130~1269)。スペイン語でアルモアデAlmohadeという。モロッコのアンティ・アトラス山中のベルベル人イブン・トゥーマルトは、バグダードやカイロなど東方旅行から帰ると、宗教と道徳の改革とムラービト朝打倒とに力を注ぐ宗教的、政治的運動(ムワッヒド運動)を始め、国家的組織(アルモハード・ヒエラルキー)をつくった。彼の死後、弟子の1人アブド・アルムーミンが後継者に指名され、オート・アトラス山中のティーン・マッラルを都として王朝を創始した。彼は1145年にイベリア半島に軍隊を派遣し、まもなく半島南部を支配した。1147年にはムラービト朝を倒し、都をマラケシュに移した。マラケシュはキャラバン交易や手工業によって発展し、またカリフの学芸奨励、学者招請によって学問や文化も栄えた。哲学者イブン・トゥファイル(アブバケル)は宮廷医として、またイブン・ルシュド(アベロエス)はセビーリャやコルドバの法官を務め、一時期宮廷医としても仕えた。首都の壮麗なクトゥビーヤ・モスクはこの王朝下の建築技術の粋を集めたものである。 政治的機構の基本は、イブン・トゥーマルトが創始した職能別の政治的、軍事的組織であるアルモハード・ヒエラルキーの発展したものであり、建国部族たるマスムーダ部族が他のベルベル諸部族を支配する形をとった。支配層内部の対立抗争、マスムーダに比して宗教的情熱に乏しい諸集団(アラブ、ザナータ、トルコ系のグズ、黒人奴隷兵など)の役割の増大と彼らの反抗、レコンキスタ運動の強化によるナバス・デ・トロサの戦い(1212)での敗北などにより衰退し、1269年マリーン朝に滅ぼされた。この王朝の下で、農村部のイスラム化とモロッコのアラブ化が進んだ。またスーフィズムの発展も著しかった。 [私市正年] [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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