Muḥammad

Japanese: ムハンマド（英語表記）Muḥammad

[Birth] 570. Mecca
Died June 8, 632. Founder of Medina Islam. His official name was Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh ibn `Abd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim. He was also called Muhammad. He was from the powerful clan of Mecca, the Hashemite family (a branch of the Quraysh tribe). Little is known about the details of his early life. He lost his parents at a young age, and is said to have worked as a shepherd and caravan in poverty. At the age of 25, he married an older widow, Khadija, and enjoyed a happy family life. After that, he retreated to the mountains near Mecca to meditate and pray, but in 610, while training on Mount Hira, he received a revelation from Allah, and later, convinced that he was a messenger of Allah, he began to convey the revelation of Allah around 613. He gained followers mainly from the poor and slaves, but was persecuted by the ruling class of Mecca, and in 622 he and his followers fled to Yathrib (→ Medina), which is called the Hijra (Hejira), and this year was later designated as the first year of the Islamic calendar. Muhammad formed a religious community based here. There he began his militant missionary work "in the name of Allah," and in 630 he conquered Mecca and then all of Arabia, before dying in glory. The revelations from God that Muhammad conveyed as the final prophet are compiled in the Quran.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]570頃. メッカ
[没]632.6.8. メジナ
イスラム教の創始者。正式には Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh ibn `Abd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim。マホメットともいう。メッカの有力な氏族ハーシム家（クライシ族の支派）出身。前半生についての正確なところはほとんど知られていない。幼くして両親と死別し，貧困のうちに羊飼いや隊商として働いたという。25歳で年長の寡婦ハディージャと結婚，幸福な家庭生活を得た。その後メッカ近郊の山中にこもり瞑想と祈りに入ることを習慣としていたが，610年ヒラー山上で修行中アッラーからの啓示を受け，のちにアッラーの使徒であることを確信して 613年頃からアッラーの啓示を伝え始めた。貧者，奴隷たちを中心に信者を獲得したが，メッカの支配階級に迫害され，622年信徒とともにヤスリブ（→メジナ）に脱出，これをヒジュラ（ヘジラ）と呼び，のちにこの年をイスラム暦元年とした。ムハンマドはこの地を本拠に一つの宗教共同体を形成した。ここで「アッラーの名のもとに」戦闘的布教を開始し，630年にはメッカを，次いで全アラビアを征服し，栄光のうちに没した。最後の預言者としてムハンマドが伝えた神の啓示は『コーラン』にまとめられている。

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