It is the first university in the United States, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a private institution. It was founded in 1636, 17 years after the Puritans who immigrated from England to New England landed, with the belief that "we should advance learning, preserve it for posterity, and ensure that in the future the church should not be left to uneducated ministers" (a document from 1643 carved on the gate of the college), and was named Harvard College after its first donor, John Harvard (1607-38). [Katsuyuki Kitamura and Yumiko Sugiya] historyDuring the colonial period, the purpose of religious education was to train pastors, and the school was a boarding school with church services and a curriculum that required all subjects. However, Charles W. Eliot (1834-1926), who served as president for 40 years from 1869, based on his experience studying in Germany, resolutely changed the curriculum to a free elective system and also established a graduate school in order to develop the classical college into a German-style university as a specialized academic research institution. In response to this trend, Lawrence A. Lowell (1856-1943), who served as president from 1909 to 1933, advocated the revival of British-style college education, and resolutely reformed the curriculum by making "concentration" (major) subjects for deep knowledge and "dispersal" subjects for broad knowledge compulsory, as well as implementing a private tutoring system and a boarding school. These two directions of change later became the prototype for the curriculum not only of Harvard but also of universities throughout the United States, and had a great influence on the formation of the ideals of university education. Later, President Bryant Conant (1893-1978), who advocated broad general education, was succeeded by Derek Bok (1930- ), who served as President from 1971 to 1991. He introduced an innovative Core Curriculum that required students to select courses from six fields - literature and art, science, historical studies, social analysis, foreign cultures, and moral theory - in order to teach research methods in major academic fields, and thus reformed undergraduate education. [Katsuyuki Kitamura and Yumiko Sugiya] Current StatusSince the 1980s, Harvard University has become a comprehensive university with graduate schools including Harvard College for male undergraduates and Radcliffe College for female undergraduates (it shares the same faculty and curriculum as the former but is an independent institution), as well as the School of Arts and Sciences as an academic graduate school, and graduate-level professional faculties such as business administration, design, theology, dentistry, medicine, education, politics and public administration, law, and public health. In 1999, Radcliffe College was officially absorbed into Harvard, and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study was opened. Among its alumni are six presidents, including John Adams, Frank Roosevelt, and John F. Kennedy, and more than 30 Nobel Prize winners. Harvard is always ranked at the top of the rankings for the quality of its faculty and academic research. It also has the world's largest university library with over 15 million volumes, and is still recognized by both itself and others as "the oldest, richest, and freest university" in America (President Eliot). As of 2003, the university has 2,391 faculty members (excluding the medical school), 6,597 undergraduate students, and 12,014 graduate students. It offers joint classes and credit transfer with Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, and Boston University, in the neighboring city of Boston. It is also one of the most international universities, with many international students and students. [Katsuyuki Kitamura and Yumiko Sugiya] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカ合衆国マサチューセッツ州ケンブリッジ市にある同国最初の大学。私立。イギリスからニュー・イングランドに移住してきたピューリタンが、上陸して17年目の1636年に、「学問を進め、これを子々孫々に不朽に残し、将来教会が無学の牧師に任せられるようなことがあってはならない」(同大学校門に彫られている1643年の文書)との信念のもとに設立され、最初の寄付者ジョン・ハーバードJohn Harvard(1607―38)の名をとって、ハーバード・カレッジと名づけられた。 [喜多村和之・杉谷祐美子] 歴史植民地時代は牧師養成のための宗教教育を目的とし、全寮制で教会礼拝と全科必修のカリキュラムを強制していた。しかし1869年から40年間学長を務めたエリオットCharles W. Eliot(1834―1926)は、ドイツ留学の経験から、古典的カレッジを専門的学問研究機関としてのドイツ型ユニバーシティに発展させるため、自由選択カリキュラム制への変革を断行し、かつ大学院をも設置した。こうした方向に対し1909年から1933年まで学長となったロウェルLawrence A. Lowell(1856―1943)は、イギリス型のカレッジ教育の再興を主張し、深い知識を得る「集中」(専攻)と、幅広い知識を求める「分散」用諸科目を必修とするカリキュラム改革を断行、あわせて個人指導制や全寮制を実現した。この二つの変革の方向は、のちにハーバードのみならず全米の大学のカリキュラムの原型となるとともに、大学教育の理念の形成に大きな影響を与えた。その後、幅広い一般教育を唱導した学長、コナントBryant Conant(1893―1978)を経て、1971年から1991年まで学長を務めたボークDerek Bok(1930― )は、主要な学問の研究方法を学ばせるために、文学と芸術、科学、歴史研究、社会分析、外国文化、道徳理論の6分野から学生に選択履修を課す、革新的なコア・カリキュラムを導入し、学部課程教育を改革した。 [喜多村和之・杉谷祐美子] 現況1980年代以降のハーバード大学は、学部課程の男子を対象とするハーバード・カレッジ、女子学生の学部課程教育を担当するラドクリフ・カレッジRadcliffe College(前者と教授団やカリキュラムは共有するが、独立した機関)の上に、学術大学院としての文理学部をはじめとして、経営学、デザイン、神学、歯学、医学、教育学、政治行政学、法律学、公衆衛生学などの大学院レベルの専門職系学部をもつ総合大学となっている。なお、99年、ラドクリフ・カレッジはハーバードに正式に吸収合併され、ラドクリフ高等研究所Radcliffe Instituteが開設された。 卒業生からJ・アダムズ、F・ルーズベルト、J・F・ケネディなど6人の大統領や30人以上のノーベル賞受賞者など各界に名士を輩出し、教授団や学術研究の質のランキング調査ではつねに最上位を占めている。また1500万冊を超える世界最大の大学図書館を有するなど、ハーバードは依然としてアメリカで「もっとも古く、もっとも豊かで、もっとも自由な大学」(エリオット学長のことば)と自他ともに認められている。2003年現在、教員数2391人(医学部を除く)、学部学生6597人、大学院生1万2014人。同じケンブリッジ市にあるマサチューセッツ工科大学、隣接するボストン市のボストン大学と共同授業、単位互換を行っている。海外からの留学生や学生も多く、もっとも国際的な大学でもある。 [喜多村和之・杉谷祐美子] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Havana - Habana (English spelling)
A device for remotely inputting and outputting dat...
The family name of the Shogunate of the Edo Shogu...
In the spring of 1212, near Cologne, Germany, a yo...
This gorge is located in the Kannagawa River in t...
This refers to the profits that a company has earn...
Rainfall consisting of ice particles or chunks 5 m...
…The original was compiled in the late 9th centur...
A manga by Est Em. A heartbreaking love story betw...
…During this time, he was sent to South Africa by...
This is a popular hygiene book published in 1713 ...
1818‐88 Dutch economist. He is known for teaching ...
Born: April 20, 1846 in Kalga Died July 28, 1904. ...
Class: Malacostraca, Order: Isopoda, Family: Cymot...
A drafting tool used to ink straight or curved lin...
There are orthoperiodic acid, H 5 IO 6 , and perio...