A general term for fish in the order Acipenseriformes, family Acipenseridae, class of bony fishes, or one of these. Although sturgeons have the name "shark," they are not sharks, a type of cartilaginous fish, but bony fishes. Among these, sturgeons are a group with extremely primitive characteristics and are said to be "living fossils." They are found only in the Northern Hemisphere. About 15 species are known from Europe and Asia, and about 9 species from North America. The body is nearly cylindrical, with a pointed snout. The body has large, plate-like hard scales. The mouth opens under the head, and the upper and lower jaws are toothless. Four barbels are arranged in a row in front of the mouth. The upper lobe of the caudal fin is larger than the lower lobe. The dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins are located at the rear of the body. The name sturgeon comes from the fact that the shape of the scales on the body resembles that of a butterfly with its wings spread, and the position of the mouth, as well as the shape and position of the fins, are reminiscent of a shark. There are landlocked and anadromous species. The former live only in freshwater areas throughout their lives, while the latter can live in both the sea and freshwater, and during spawning season they swim upstream in the rivers where they were born. They mainly eat benthic organisms such as shellfish, arthropods, and worms. They grow extremely slowly, taking 6 to 25 years to reach maturity, but they do not necessarily reach maturity every year. The salted eggs of this species are called caviar, and the Russian Federation and Iran are notable producers. It is also farmed. The largest specimen of this species was the European beluga ( Huso huso) , which was 8.5 metres long, weighed 1.3 tons, and lived to be over 100 years old. Besides the ovaries, the meat is used fresh, smoked, frozen or dried. In some places, the head cartilage is used for soup, the swim bladder for glue, and the scales for decoration. Live fish are traded for farming. In recent years, the population of this species has declined significantly due to human factors such as pollution, overfishing and dams, and an increasing number of species are designated as endangered. The green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris , is distributed in Japan from the northern part of Honshu to Karafuto (Sakhalin). In the past, many of them migrated upstream to Hokkaido's Ishikari River and Teshio River to spawn in April and May, but are rarely seen now. The body is long and cylindrical. The snout is long and rounded at the tip. The mouth is small and does not reach the side of the head. The gill membranes on both sides are fused to the sides of the body. The cross section of the baleen is circular. There are 7 to 10 scales in front of the dorsal fin. The eggs are small and are laid on aquatic plants and gravel. They hatch in about a week and grow down the river in the fall into the sea. They can reach over 2 meters in length. They are rarely caught in fixed nets in various parts of Hokkaido. The eggs are used for caviar, and the meat is smoked, sashimi, and butter-fried. It is distinguished from the closely related Chinese sturgeon by the fact that it has fewer dorsal fin rays, anal fin rays, and scales. [Kunio Amano] [References] | |© Tadaaki Ohkata "> Main species of sturgeon (specimen illustration) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
硬骨魚綱チョウザメ目チョウザメ科の魚類の総称、またはそのなかの1種。チョウザメ類は、「サメ」の名があるが、軟骨魚類のサメ類ではなくて硬骨魚類である。このなかではきわめて原始的な形質を備えた一群で、「生きた化石」といわれている。北半球にだけ分布する。ヨーロッパとアジアからおよそ15種と北アメリカから約9種が知られている。 体は円筒形に近く、吻(ふん)はとがる。体には大きい板状の硬鱗(こうりん)がある。口は頭の下面に開き、上下両顎(りょうがく)には歯がない。口の前には4本のひげが横1列に並ぶ。尾びれの上葉は下葉より大きい。背びれ、臀(しり)びれおよび腹びれは体の後部に位置する。体の鱗(うろこ)の形がチョウ(蝶)が羽を開いた姿に似ていること、口の位置、ひれの形と位置などがサメを連想させることが、チョウザメの名前の由来である。陸封型と降海型とがある。前者は生涯淡水域にのみ生息し、後者は海と淡水にすむことができ、産卵期には生まれた川を遡上(そじょう)する。おもに貝類、節足動物、ゴカイ類などの底生生物を食べる。成長はきわめて遅く、成熟するまでに6~25年を要するが、毎年成熟するとは限らない。 この類の卵の塩漬けがキャビアであり、ロシア連邦、イランなどは著名な生産国である。養殖も行われている。この類の最大のものはヨーロッパ産のベルーガbeluga/Huso husoで記録され、体長8.5メートル、体重1.3トンで、100歳以上であった。卵巣以外に、肉は生鮮、あるいは薫製、冷凍、乾燥して利用する。頭部軟骨はスープ、浮き袋は糊、鱗は装飾品にするところもある。養殖のために活魚が取引される。近年、公害、乱獲、ダムなどの人的な要因によってこの類の個体数は著しく減少し、絶滅危惧種に指定されている種が増えている。 和名チョウザメgreen sturgeon/Acipenser medirostrisは、日本では本州の北部から樺太(からふと)(サハリン)にかけて分布し、かつては4、5月ごろには北海道の石狩川(いしかりがわ)や天塩(てしお)川に産卵のため多数遡上したが、現在はほとんどみられない。体は細長く円筒状。吻は長く、先端は丸い。口は小さく、頭の側面まで届かない。左右の鰓膜(さいまく)は体の側面と癒合する。ひげの断面は円形。背びれより前に7~10枚の鱗板(りんばん)がある。卵は小さく、水草や砂礫(されき)などに産み付ける。約1週間で孵化(ふか)し、秋に川を下って海に入り成長する。全長2メートルを超える。北海道各地の定置網でまれにとれる。卵はキャビアに、肉は薫製、刺身、バター焼きなどにする。近縁種のカラチョウザメとは背びれ条数、臀びれ条数、鱗板数などが少ないことで区別する。 [尼岡邦夫] [参照項目] | |©大片忠明"> チョウザメのおもな種類〔標本画〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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