Born August 17, 1953. Nitskidol is a German author born in Romania. His parents are members of the German ethnic minority in Romania. From 1973 to 1976, he studied German and Romanian literature at the University of Timişoara, and joined the "Banat Action", a group of German-language writers who sought freedom of expression under the dictatorship. After graduating, he worked as a technical translator, but was fired for refusing to cooperate with the secret police, the Securitate. He then made a living as a kindergarten teacher and a private tutor. In 1982, he made his debut with a collection of short stories, "Niederungen", depicting ethnic intolerance and the hypocrisy of village life, where corruption and exclusion are rampant. The stories were initially revised by censors, but an uncensored version was published in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1984, and a bilingual German-English version was published in 1999 under the title "Nadirs". However, because he openly criticized the dictatorial regime of Nicolae Ceausescu, he was banned from publishing in Romania. In 1987, he received permission to leave the country from the Romanian government and moved to West Germany. His 1989 novel Reisende auf einem Bein (A Journey on One Leg) explores the difficulties of life in exile and assimilation. His semi-autobiographical novel Herztier (1994) was translated into English by Michael Hoffman and co-won the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Prize in 1998. This work, considered one of Müller's masterpieces, is narrated by a woman who escaped the cruelty and harassment in Romania and moved to Germany to start a new life. His next work, Heute wär ich mir lieber nicht begegnet (I Wouldn't Like to Meet Myself) (1997), is also narrated by a woman and describes the humiliation and cold treatment he suffered as he was considered a subversive parasite of the state. Her vivid and compelling portrayals of resistance to political oppression and the suffering of human existence caused by threats, fear and persecution made her the 12th woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2009, and the first German author to do so since Günter Grass in 1999. Muller
Müller, Johannes Peter Born: July 14, 1801 in Koblenz
Died April 28, 1858. Berlin German physiologist and anatomist. His father was a shoemaker. He studied medicine at the University of Bonn (1819-22). His graduation thesis shows his devotion to natural philosophy. He then transferred to the University of Berlin, where he studied under anatomist K. Rudolfi. Under his influence, he broke away from the dominance of natural philosophy. From 1824, he was a lecturer in physiology and comparative anatomy at the University of Bonn, and became an associate professor (26) and then a professor (30). During this time, in 1826, he wrote Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinnes (Comparative Physiology of Vision), in which he pointed out that the various sensory organs receive stimuli from the outside world in their own unique way, for example, the optic nerve, no matter how it is stimulated, only produces the sensation of light. This is called Muller's law, and it had a great influence on the development of sensory physiology. He also influenced the field of epistemology by arguing that the outside world is perceived only through the action of the sensory organs. He made numerous achievements in a wide range of fields from physiology to anatomy, but his most famous discovery during this period was the discovery of the Müllerian duct. He became professor at the University of Berlin as a successor to Rudolfi (33). He wrote Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen für Vorlesungen (2 volumes, 33-40), which promoted the establishment of physiology based on mechanisms and opened the way for the exchange of information between medical activities in the field and physiological research. After his student T. Schwann proposed the cell theory, he carried out cytological research on tumors and pioneered a new research field called histopathology. From 1940 onwards, he worked on comparative anatomy and the description and classification of marine animals. His students included E. du Bois-Reymond, H. Helmholtz, E. Haeckel, R. Remarque, and R. Virchow, in addition to Schwann. Muller
Müller, Georg Elias Born July 20, 1850 in Grima, near Leipzig
[Died] December 23, 1934. Göttingen German psychologist. Professor at the University of Czernowitz, and later at the University of Göttingen. He headed the laboratory at the University of Göttingen for nearly 40 years, and his achievements spanned a wide range of fields, including psychophysics, perception, and memory, and his results have been highly acclaimed, forming the foundation of modern experimental psychology. Theoretically, he advocated the complex theory, which emphasizes the characteristics of mental complexes as a unified whole. His major works include Zur Grundlegung der Psychophysik (1876), Experimentelle Beiträge zur Lehre vom Gedächtnis (Experimental Contributions to the Study of Memory) (1900, co-authored), Zur Analyse der Gedächtnistätigkeit und des Vorstellungsverlaufes (Analysis of Memory Operations and Representation Processes) (11-17), and Komplextheorie und Gestalttheorie (Complextheorie und Gestalttheorie) (23). Muller
Müller, Leopold Born: June 24, 1824, Mainz
[Died] October 13, 1893. German army surgeon in Berlin. He studied medicine at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin, and was a medical officer at the Royal Charité Hospital in 1847. He was invited to Haiti as a military surgeon in 1856, and served as the medical director of the army and army hospital for 12 years, and played an active role in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. In 1871, he became the chief surgeon of the German army. In August of the same year, he came to Japan with naval surgeon T. Hoffmann based on the medical education contract that Japan had made with Prussia the previous year, and became an instructor at the Tokyo School (the precursor to the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tokyo). With authority second only to the Minister of Education, he changed Japan's medical education system in the early Meiji period to the system of the German army medical school in one fell swoop. In other words, he made the students board and wear uniforms, divided the preparatory course (three years, which became two years the following year) into a regular course (five years), and set the enrollment limit at 40 for the regular course and 60 for the preparatory course. He himself lectured to undergraduate students on anatomy, surgery, gynecology, and ophthalmology, while Hoffmann taught internal medicine. His term ended in 1974, and the following year he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Fourth Class, when he returned to Japan. After returning to Japan, he became the director of the Invalides' Hospital in Berlin. A bust of him is on the campus of the University of Tokyo. Muller
Müller, Heiner Born: January 9, 1929, Eppendorf, Saxony
[Died] December 30, 1995. Berlin German playwright. He began writing in the 1950s, and released works such as Traktor (1955), which depicts the production site under socialism, The Hold Down of Wages (58), and Germania, Death in Berlin (57), which is based on the founding period of East Germany. Although his works were subsequently banned, he adapted Greek classics and Shakespeare's plays from the late 1960s. He continued his work even after German unification in 1990, and since March 1995 has been the artistic director of the Berliner Ensemble. The typical technique seen in his representative work Hamletmachine (77) is to pile up fragments of fantastical and violent images to show political criticism, and the interpretation is left to the discretion of the performers, and it is clear that he does not settle on a text. Muller
Müller, Paul Hermann Born January 12, 1899 in Olten
Died: October 12, 1965. Swiss chemist. Studied at the University of Basel, and joined the Geigy Laboratory in Basel in 1925, where he researched dyes and tanning agents. In 1939, he succeeded in synthesizing dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), a contact poison with a strong insecticidal effect on flies, mosquitoes, and lice. DDT was mass-produced in September of the same year, and in the United States, it was proven to be effective against Colorado potato beetles and useful for increasing potato production. It was also used by the American military on the Italian front, where it helped to stop the spread of typhus, which is transmitted by lice. It was also useful as a powerful weapon against disease-transmitting pests on the Pacific front. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 for his contribution to the development of DDT. However, its residual toxicity later became a problem, and its use was banned in many countries, including Japan in 1970. Muller
Muralt, Béat Louis de Born: January 9, 1665, Bern
Died November 19, 1749, Neuchâtel, Colombier. Swiss moralist. He left Switzerland, travelled through France and England, then returned to Bern, where he was expelled in 1701 for his Pietism. He lived in Colombier thereafter and devoted himself to writing. By introducing British thought and political systems to France, he influenced Voltaire, J.-J. Rousseau, and others. His works include Lettres sur les Anglais et les Français (Letters on the English and French) (1725), Les lettres fanatiques (Letters of the Fanatics), which discusses Swiss independent thought, and Instinct divin recommandé aux hommes (Instinct divin recommandé aux hommes) (27), which discusses his belief in mystical rationalism. Muller
Müller, Friedrich Max Born: December 6, 1823 in Dessau
[Died] October 28, 1900. Oxford. Orientalist and comparative linguist born in Germany and naturalized in England. Son of poet W. Muller. Studied at the University of Berlin, then studied under E. Burnouf, an authority on Indo-European comparative linguistics, in Paris. Moved to England and became a professor at Oxford in 1850. Published numerous revisions, translations, and research books on Oriental classics, including the Rig Veda. He built the foundations for scientific and critical academic research into ancient Oriental culture, particularly in the broad field of Indology, and established comparative linguistics and mythology. His main works include The Sacred Books of the East (50 volumes, 1879-1910) and The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy (1899). Muller
Müller, Karl Alexander Born April 20, 1927 in Basel. Swiss physicist. Received his doctorate from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in 1958. Joined IBM's Zurich Laboratory in 1963, later becoming head of the physics laboratory, and in 1982 became a senior researcher at IBM. As an oxide specialist, he began research on superconductors in the early 1980s. At the time, the highest temperature at which a material lost electrical resistance was 23 K, but together with his junior colleague J. Bednorz, he discovered that a mixed oxide of barium, lanthanum, and copper became superconducting at 35 K (1986). This discovery shocked scientists around the world, spurring research on oxides, and less than a year later, superconductivity at 100 K was achieved. This showed the possibility of generating and transporting electricity, and was considered an economically important discovery. Together with Bednorz, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987. Muller
Müller, Karl Otfried Born: August 28, 1797, Brig, Silesia
Died: August 1, 1840. Athens German ancient scholar. After studying in Breslau, he studied under A. Beck in Berlin, and served as professor of ancient linguistics at the University of Göttingen from 1819 to 1839. He applied mythology widely to construct the history of ancient Greece, and aimed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of ancient Greek civilization, including politics, art, religion, literature, and general history. His main works are Geschichte hellenistischer Stämme und Städte (History of Greek Peoples and Cities) (1 vol., 1820, 2 vols., 24), Handbuch der Archäologie der Kunst (Handbook of Art and Archaeology) (30), and Die Etrusker (The Etruscans) (32). Muller
Müller, Wilhelm Born: October 7, 1794 in Dessau
Died: September 30, 1827. Dessau. German poet. Studied at the University of Berlin, and became a teacher and librarian at the gymnasium in Dessau. He wrote many romantic poems with folk sentiments, especially Die schöne Müllerin (1821) and Die Winterreise (23), which are famously composed by Schubert. He also had a warrior's passion, volunteering to serve in the war against Napoleon, and his Lieder der Griechen (21-24), which sang of the Greek War of Independence, raised his reputation and earned him the nickname "Greek Müller." Muller
Müller, Otto Born: October 16, 1874 in Liebau
[Died] September 24, 1930. Breslau German painter and printmaker. He trained in lithography in Breslau from 1890 to 1895, and later studied at the art school in Dresden from 1896 to 1898. In 1907 he met Erich Heckel in Berlin, and in 1910 he exhibited works with other members of the "Brücke" in Dresden, remaining a member of the group until 1913. From 1919 onwards he was a professor at the art school in Breslau. He praised Egyptian art, Lucas Cranach and Eugène-Henri Paul Gauguin, and painted the nude bodies of slender girls and Roma, striving to depict a paradise untainted by civilisation. (→ Expressionism) Muller
Müller, Johannes von Born: January 3, 1752 in Schaffhausen
[Died] May 29, 1809. Kassel. Swiss historian. After two years in Switzerland, he was invited by the Archbishop of Mainz to serve as his counsellor (1786-92), and just before the French Revolutionary army invaded Vienna he served as a Privy Councillor (93-98). Finally, he was appointed by Napoleon I to be Minister of Education for the Kingdom of Westphalia. He studied European history broadly from an Enlightenment perspective. His main work was Geschichten Schweizerischer Eidgenossenschaft (History of the Swiss Confederation) (1786-1808, unfinished). Muller
Müller, Karl von Born: September 3, 1852 in Langenburg
[Died] February 10, 1940, Tübingen German Protestant theologian and church historian. He was a professor at the universities of Halle, Giessen, Breslau, and Tübingen. He contributed especially to research on early modern church history. His main works include Kirchengeschichte (1892-1919) (History of the Church), Luther und Karlstadt (07) (Luther and Karlstadt), and Kirche, Gemeinde und Obrigkeit nach Luther (Luther's View of Church, Society, and Sovereignty) (10). Muller
Müller, Fritz Born: March 31, 1821, Windischholzhausen
[Died] May 21, 1897. Blumenau, Brazil. German-born zoologist. Studied medicine at the University of Berlin, where he was influenced by JP Muller. From 1852 onwards, he engaged in zoological research in Brazil. He pointed out that the prawn takes on several different forms during its development, each of which resembles the adult form of other types of crustaceans, and argued for a parallel between ontogeny and evolutionary history. This was a precursor to E. Haeckel's theory of abiogenesis. Muller
Müller, Friedrich Born: January 13, 1749, Kreuznach
Died April 23, 1825. A Roman German poet. He participated in the Sturm und Drang movement and wrote many lyric poems and ballads, including pastoral works such as Die Schafschur (1775) (The Woolshearing), but he was also a passionate writer of dramas, including Fausts Leben dramatisiert (78, unfinished). He was also famous as a painter, and was commonly known as "Müller the Painter." Muller
Müller, Hermann Born: May 18, 1876 in Mannheim
[Died] March 20, 1931. German politician from Berlin. In 1899, he was editor-in-chief of the Social Democratic Party's local organ newspaper. In 1916, he became a member of the German parliament. After Germany lost in World War I, he signed the Treaty of Versailles as foreign minister in the second Weimar Republic cabinet of G. Bauer. In 1920, he became prime minister. From that same year, he became head of the Social Democratic Party's parliamentary group. In 1928, he became prime minister again and signed the Young Plan on reparations. In March 1930, he resigned due to being unable to resolve the unemployment problem. (→ German reparations issue) Muller
Müller, Adam Heinrich Born: June 30, 1779 in Berlin
Died January 17, 1829. A German romantic political thinker from Vienna. He was employed by the Austrian government from 1813 onwards, and later became an advisor to Metternich. Influenced by E. Burke and Schelling, in his main work, Elemente der Staatskunst (1810), he argued for an organic view of the state modelled on the medieval order, as opposed to a mechanistic view of the state that was premised on atomic individuals. Muller
Müller, William John Born: 28 June 1812, Bristol
[Died] September 8, 1845. British landscape painter born in Bristol, Germany. He studied landscape painting under J. Pyne in his hometown. In 1833, he exhibited his first work at the Royal Academy in England. In 1834, he traveled to France, Switzerland, and Italy, and in 1838-39, Greece and Egypt. After returning to Japan, he settled in London and exhibited his works regularly. In 1843, he traveled to Asia Minor with a survey team of ancient marble sculptures, and produced many watercolor landscapes. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
