The class system was created to maintain and strengthen social order in a class society. The feudal class system of early modern Japan was created during the Toyotomi administration. Hashiba (Toyotomi) Hideyoshi began the Taiko land survey in 1582 (Tensho 10), forcing local lords such as village headmen and peasants to choose between quitting agriculture or devoting themselves to it. He also set out a policy to make subordinate peasants such as servants and nago independent from the control of local lords, to directly control the peasants, and to bind them to the land. Hideyoshi also issued the Sword Hunt Order in 1588, confiscating weapons from the peasants. The land survey and sword hunt were policies that clarified the division between samurai and peasants, and solidified the peasants as a subordinate class. Hideyoshi also issued a decree in Kyoto in 1591 authorizing land tax (levies on fields and houses), denying the right of medieval feudal lords such as nobles and temples and shrines to collect land tax, reforming the layered land ownership relationships and aiming to establish feudal land ownership in cities. In the same year, he issued a social status control order, prohibiting changes in social status such as samurai, chugen, and komono becoming farmers or townspeople, or farmers becoming merchants or craftsmen. In this way, the social status of samurai, farmers, and townspeople was fixed. Furthermore, in 1598 (Keicho 3), a decree was issued in Hideyoshi's name that required daimyo to take all of their vassals with them to their new territories when they were transferred, and that they could not take farmers who were listed in the land survey books with them. The feudal class system, which was gradually established through land surveys, sword hunts, and class control orders, became extremely rigid during the Edo period. Among the commoner classes of farmers, artisans, and merchants, farmers were formally ranked higher, but in reality, the peasants, who paid the taxes, were the most severely dominated and controlled by the samurai. Below the commoner class were the eta, hinin, and other low-class people, who were subjected to severe discrimination. Class control was not established all at once at a certain point, but there is no doubt that the 1591 law enacted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi was an important step in that direction. [Eiju Narusawa] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
身分制度は、階級社会の社会的秩序を維持・強化するためにつくられたものである。わが国近世の封建的身分制度が創出されたのは豊臣(とよとみ)政権期のことである。羽柴(はしば)(豊臣)秀吉は、1582年(天正10)太閤(たいこう)検地に着手、名主百姓(みょうしゅびゃくしょう)など土豪に対して、農業から離脱するか、農業に専念するか、二つに一つを選択させ、下人(げにん)・名子(なご)など隷属農民を土豪の支配から自立させ、農民を直接に把握し、土地に束縛する政策を打ち出した。また秀吉は、1588年刀狩令(かたながりれい)を発し、農民から武器を没収した。検地と刀狩は武士と農民との区分を明確にし、農民を被支配身分として固定させる政策であった。秀吉はさらに、1591年京都に地子(じし)(田畑・屋敷に対する賦課)を免許する法令を出し、公家(くげ)・寺社など中世的な領主の地子徴収権を否定して、幾重にもなっていた土地所有関係を改め、都市における封建的土地所有権の確立を目ざした。そして同年、身分統制令を発布して、侍(さむらい)・中間(ちゅうげん)・小者(こもの)が農民・町人になったり、農民が商人・職人になるといった、身分の転換を禁止した。このようにして武士と農民・町人の身分の固定化が図られたのである。さらに98年(慶長3)には、大名は転封の際、家臣をすべて新領に従えていかなければならないとし、検地帳に記載されている農民を連れていってはならないとする布令が秀吉の名で出された。 検地、刀狩、身分統制令などによりしだいに整えられていった封建的身分制度は、江戸時代になってきわめて牢固(ろうこ)なものとなった。平民身分の農工商のうち、形式上、農は上位とされたが、年貢負担者である農民は実際上はもっとも厳しく武士に支配・統制された。平民身分の下には穢多(えた)・非人(ひにん)など賤民(せんみん)身分があって、厳しい差別を受けた。身分統制はある時点で一気に確立されたものではないが、豊臣秀吉による1591年の法令がそのための重要なステップとなったことはまちがいない。 [成澤榮壽] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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